Exploration of To the Lighthouse :: essays papers

Exploration of To the Lighthouse In Virginia Woolfs fiction, the breakdown or breaking open, of traditional literary orchestrates in the light of the twentieth century querying of perception, reality and linguistic meaning, is recorded as a reconceiving of the novel-form. Throughout the course of her novels she lays down a challenge to official ways of measuring proportion, light, time and human character. Abolishing chapter and verse, Woolf creates a rhythmic, wave-like form of undulating passages as in music, where the structure of parts within an individual movement is a continuous flow rather than a series of stops and starts. She identifies words itself as a volatile and indeterminate system of mirroring suggestions reality as potentially unknowable, and the novel form itself as inclined to substantial change to harmonize these perspectives. Virginia Woolf renounces the narrative persona as a sort of privileged extra character testifying to indisputable mental and phys ical events and evaluating their significance. She shifts significance to the act of mediation itself as a primary subject to be investigated *. To the Lighthouse *develops a system of passing the baton of interior monologue from one character to another by its eavesdropping of the self-sealed consciousness of a group enwrapped in meditation through the round of two life-encapsculating days. In *To the Lighthouse* the proportion of direct speech to corroboratory speech is minuscule, and, indeed rudimentary. If we reduce the first section of the novel to its dialogue, the following structure emergesYes, of course, if its fine to-morrow, said Mrs Ramsay. But youll have to be up with the lark...But, said his scram . . . it wont be fine.*But it may be fine - I expect it will be fine, said Mrs Ramsay . . .Its due west, said the atheist Tansley . . .Nonsense, said Mrs Ramsay . . . *Therell be no landing at the Lighthouse to-morrow, said Charles Tansley . . . Would it bore you to co me with me, Mrs Tansley?Let us all go she cried . . . Lets go, he said.Good-bye, Elsie, she said. (pp.3-16) Inconsequent voices demur about the weather normal English conversation implying an apathetic form of communion, signifying little - so we might assess this dialogue if it were presented to us as I have transcribed it, dissecting it from its root-network in the complex matrix of the narrative voice which recounts the soliloquies of the persons from whom these extracts of conversation are gathered.

Euthanasia Essay: The Correct Choice for Many -- Euthanasia Physician

euthanasia - The Correct Choice for Many Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are lyric poem to live by despite any obstacles that any person might endure. A person should live in a constant understanding that livelihood will always have struggles, but one should feel as though their invigoration story is worth living. A person has the right to believe that liveliness should always be composed of the capability to be spiritual, physical, emotional, and to be a social being all at the same time, therefore the quality of life is far more valuable than the length of time under any circumstances. Euthanasia is acceptable under the impression that a person will never again, and does not have the ability to live a quality of life. A life filled with quality means a different thing for all(prenominal) individual. For some people as long as they are able to make money, live in a great house, are able to walk, talk, see, and hear, their life is filled with everything they need t o live richly. For others, as long as they can be free, be happy and function with a little help from engine room (such as pills, or an artificial limb), they are living life that incorporates high quality into their life. For example, Robert Powell, who has permanent paraplegia once said Physician-assisted suicide is contrary to the concept of comparison for everyone. Very often the group most targeted by physician-assisted suicide is the disabled community because the quality of life of its members is deemed to be poor by people outside(a) the community. Robert once said, As a disabled person, I enjoy life near as much as anybody else does. I can do things that just about anybody else can do. It is a matter of how you perceive quality of life. You ask one person about his definiti... ...rdin, Joseph C. A Moral Vision For America. Ed. John P. Langan. Washington, D.C. Georgetown University Press, 1998. Higginson, Richard. Dilemmas A Christian Approach To Moral Decision Making. Louisville Westminster/ John Knox Press, 1988. Hilton, Bruce. First Do Not Harm Wrestling With The New Medicines Life And Death Dilemmas. Nashville Abingdon Press, 1991. ORourke, Kevin D., and Dennis Brodeur, PhD. medical checkup Ethics Common Ground For Understanding. St. Louis The Catholic Health Association Of The United States, 1986. Rogers, John, ed. Medical Ethics, Human Choices A Christian Perspective. Scottdale Herald Press,1988. author unknown. Its OK- isnt it?. Euthanasia killing the dying. 30 Nov. 1999. http//www.euthanasia.com/case3.html author unknown. Euthanasia Facts. Euthanasia.com. 5 Jun. 1996. http//www.iaetf.org/mm.html

Hoosiers Essay -- Movie Film Essays Hoosiers

Hoosiers Coach Norman Dale embodied a number of face-to-face characteristics which enabled him to be the quality leader he was in the movie Hoosiers. His toughness, optimism, motivation, farsightedness, and egotism confidence assisted Coach Dale in gaining the loyalty of the team and the attention of the town. They overly helped him to change the losing ways of the early team into the state champion team they ended up to be. Additionall(a)y, a number of environmental factors played a authority in his success. The almost religious fervor of basketball in Indiana, the quasi-anarchist environment of the towns men, and the fact that Hickory was a small town all played vital roles in Coach Dales success.The first personal traits that Coach Dale was forced to exhibit were his toughness and his assertiveness. On his first night in Hickory he met the men of town in the barbershop who were all willing to provide their experience and insight on the team and how to coach. Coach Dale had eno ugh self confidence to know that none of these insights were going to help the Hickory team win basketball games and let them know they werent welcome by play his back and walking out. Additionally, he was forced to demonstrate his toughness twice more on the first day of practice by telling the fugitive coach, Secondly, your days of coaching are over, and then by standing up to the group of men after he dismissed Buddy from the team. These actions made no friends of the men however, th...

The Tragedy of William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Tragedy William S

The Tragedy of William Shakespeares HamletIt seems that in this merciless mourning, I have openeda tomb. And though my sight be of seeing, it is not as itonce was. For what I see is not with thine own eyes. It isas death appears to those awake. A coldness, an emptiness,that I cannot forsake. accept Saphos DeVenutoA melody in literature is a language that Shakespeare uses freely in Hamlet with infinite variety. The imagery relates to us to create to the senses a recognition of what is occurring as well as to kindle our responses. There are many interesting characters with invaluable opinions, a labyrinth of lines convoluting and mystifying, along with dramatic sarcasm. It is very legal in drawing the attention to certain characters that the audience will need to see more than others. If we really lend an ear to Hamlets every word, we are skeletal into an inward greatness of his spirit. Shakespeare created Hamlet as a highly intellectual being that can see through everything and ev eryone.To see clearly through a stone is to see the profundity of truth.Then ...

James Joyce and the advent of Viagra Essay -- Sports, Olympics, Sex Ve

The Olympics are an international competition event for summer sports and winter sports that happen every 2 years. It was originally an event created for workforce to compete in various sports. However, women were allow to participate in the early 1900s due to the increasing derive of female athletes. after(prenominal) female athletes started to participate in the Olympic games, the question of gender identification arose. People fear that males may masquerade as females and have an unfair favour over separate participants in women- just now events. To prevent this from happening, the International Olympic Commitee (IOC) started sex verification to test the participants sex.The question of sex verification in womens sports started in 1936, when a Polish journalist accused the American opulent medallist in 100m track and field of being a man. Helen Stephen, the gold medallist who broke the 100m bring down of track legend Stella Walsh was a 6 foot tall female athlete.(Carlson, 2005). Her size brought up the questions about the definition of femininity. Ironically, when Stella Walsh was free-base dead in an possibility it was discovered that she had ambiguous genitalia and abnormal sex chromosomes. Another stunning case which prompted developing the sex verification protocol involved an athlete named Hermann Ratjen in the mid 1950s (Carlson, 2005). Ratjen admitted that he was persuaded to masquerade as a female in an Olympic event in 1936. He hid his genitals and used a fake name, Dora, to compete in the women high jump event. Although he set a world record in 1938 and decidedly had some advantages over other female participants, he only came in at fourth place in 1936. This case made a accord of people question the sexual activity of some Eastern Bloc competitors. ... ...discriminating. Due to all the human right issues and Semenyas privacy, her test result was never released to the human race and she is able to continue her sports move (Swarr, Gross & Theron, 2009). After all, sex testing is not a reasonable way to identify masquerading men, it only puts female athletes in trouble. The only case of masquerading is Hermann Ratjen, and apparently he did not even win the competition. Sex testing is discriminatory and inaccurate while it is time and money consuming. It puts a number of female athletes with genetic disorders in a nightmare situation. Luckily, Maria Patino and Caster Semenya were re-qualified in the end. We can only conclude that sex testing is simply a black and white method to categorize male and female, but this world has more than male and female. Sex testing underestimates the complexity of the human structure. James Joyce and the climax of Viagra Essay -- Sports, Olympics, Sex VeThe Olympics are an international competition event for summer sports and winter sports that happen every 2 years. It was originally an event created for men to compete in various sports. However, women were all ow to participate in the early 1900s due to the increasing number of female athletes. After female athletes started to participate in the Olympic games, the question of gender identification arose. People fear that males may masquerade as females and have an unfair advantage over other participants in women-only events. To prevent this from happening, the International Olympic Commitee (IOC) started sex verification to test the participants sex.The question of sex verification in womens sports started in 1936, when a Polish journalist accused the American gold medallist in 100m track and field of being a man. Helen Stephen, the gold medallist who broke the 100m record of track legend Stella Walsh was a 6 foot tall female athlete.(Carlson, 2005). Her size brought up the questions about the definition of femininity. Ironically, when Stella Walsh was found dead in an accident it was discovered that she had ambiguous genitalia and abnormal sex chromosomes. Another stunning case which p rompted developing the sex verification protocol involved an athlete named Hermann Ratjen in the mid 1950s (Carlson, 2005). Ratjen admitted that he was persuaded to masquerade as a female in an Olympic event in 1936. He hid his genitals and used a fake name, Dora, to compete in the women high jump event. Although he set a world record in 1938 and definitely had some advantages over other female participants, he only came in at fourth place in 1936. This case made a lot of people question the sexuality of some Eastern Bloc competitors. ... ...discriminating. Due to all the human right issues and Semenyas privacy, her test result was never released to the public and she is able to continue her sports career (Swarr,Gross & Theron, 2009). After all, sex testing is not a reasonable way to identify masquerading men, it only puts female athletes in trouble. The only case of masquerading is Hermann Ratjen, and apparently he did not even win the competition. Sex testing is discriminatory and inaccurate while it is time and money consuming. It puts a number of female athletes with genetic disorders in a nightmare situation. Luckily, Maria Patino and Caster Semenya were re-qualified in the end. We can only conclude that sex testing is simply a black and white method to categorize male and female, but this world has more than male and female. Sex testing underestimates the complexity of the human structure.

James Joyce and the advent of Viagra Essay -- Sports, Olympics, Sex Ve

The majestics are an international competition event for summer sports and winter sports that happen every 2 years. It was primarily an event created for men to contest in various sports. However, women were allow to participate in the early 1900s due to the increasing number of young-bearing(prenominal) athletes. afterward feminine athletes started to participate in the Olympic games, the question of gender identification arose. People fear that males may masquerade as womanishs and have an unfair advantage everyplace other participants in women-only events. To frustrate this from happening, the International Olympic Commitee (IOC) started sex verification to test the participants sex.The question of sex verification in womens sports started in 1936, when a round down journalist accused the American gold medallist in 100m cut and field of being a man. Helen Stephen, the gold medallist who broke the 100m record of track legend Stella Walsh was a 6 foot tall female athlet e.(Carlson, 2005). Her size brought up the questions about the definition of femininity. Ironically, when Stella Walsh was found executed in an accident it was discover that she had ambiguous genitalia and abnormal sex chromo fews. Another stunning field of study which prompted developing the sex verification protocol obscure an athlete named Hermann Ratjen in the mid(prenominal) 1950s (Carlson, 2005). Ratjen admitted that he was persuaded to masquerade as a female in an Olympic event in 1936. He hid his private parts and used a bastard name, Dora, to compete in the women high jump event. Although he set a world record in 1938 and definitely had most advantages over other female participants, he only came in at fourth place in 1936. This case made a lot of mountain question the sexuality of some Eastern Bloc competitors. ... ...discriminating. Due to all the human right issues and Semenyas privacy, her test result was never released to the public and she is suitable to co ntinue her sports career (Swarr,Gross & Theron, 2009). After all, sex testing is not a reasonable way to identify masquerading men, it only puts female athletes in trouble. The only case of masquerading is Hermann Ratjen, and apparently he did not even win the competition. Sex testing is discriminatory and inaccurate while it is time and money consuming. It puts a number of female athletes with genetic disorders in a nightmare situation. Luckily, Maria Patino and Caster Semenya were re-qualified in the end. We can only conclude that sex testing is simply a smutty and white method to categorize male and female, but this world has more than male and female. Sex testing underestimates the complexity of the human structure. James Joyce and the advent of sildenafil Essay -- Sports, Olympics, Sex VeThe Olympics are an international competition event for summer sports and winter sports that happen every 2 years. It was originally an event created for men to compete in var ious sports. However, women were allow to participate in the early 1900s due to the increasing number of female athletes. After female athletes started to participate in the Olympic games, the question of gender identification arose. People fear that males may masquerade as females and have an unfair advantage over other participants in women-only events. To prevent this from happening, the International Olympic Commitee (IOC) started sex verification to test the participants sex.The question of sex verification in womens sports started in 1936, when a Polish journalist accused the American gold medallist in 100m track and field of being a man. Helen Stephen, the gold medallist who broke the 100m record of track legend Stella Walsh was a 6 foot tall female athlete.(Carlson, 2005). Her size brought up the questions about the definition of femininity. Ironically, when Stella Walsh was found dead in an accident it was discovered that she had ambiguous genitalia and abnormal sex chromo somes. Another stunning case which prompted developing the sex verification protocol involved an athlete named Hermann Ratjen in the mid 1950s (Carlson, 2005). Ratjen admitted that he was persuaded to masquerade as a female in an Olympic event in 1936. He hid his genitals and used a fake name, Dora, to compete in the women high jump event. Although he set a world record in 1938 and definitely had some advantages over other female participants, he only came in at fourth place in 1936. This case made a lot of people question the sexuality of some Eastern Bloc competitors. ... ...discriminating. Due to all the human right issues and Semenyas privacy, her test result was never released to the public and she is able to continue her sports career (Swarr,Gross & Theron, 2009). After all, sex testing is not a reasonable way to identify masquerading men, it only puts female athletes in trouble. The only case of masquerading is Hermann Ratjen, and apparently he did not even win the competi tion. Sex testing is discriminatory and inaccurate while it is time and money consuming. It puts a number of female athletes with genetic disorders in a nightmare situation. Luckily, Maria Patino and Caster Semenya were re-qualified in the end. We can only conclude that sex testing is simply a black and white method to categorize male and female, but this world has more than male and female. Sex testing underestimates the complexity of the human structure.

Peer Reviewed Article Summary

Peer-reviewed Articles Kimberly Winkler Psy/500 October 8, 2012 Bridgette Jenkins Abstract Resilience in any human being is b riskiness but it in addition is important because it is the human capacity to face, overcome and strengthen by or even transformed by the adversities of carriage (Grotberg E. , Unknown). Every man-to-man faces some sort of adversities which means that no one is exempt (Grotberg E. Unknown). Children are no exception to adversities so they must form resilience so they puke overcome trauma (Grotberg E. , Unknown).Articles that ordain be discussed will show different mother- churl interaction and resilience in children with early developmental risk and also utilize the resiliency scales for children and adolescents who are in the give lessons bent grasstings. An article which discusses the comparison of maternal and paternal influences on young childrens behavior and resilience will also be deliberated upon. Mother-Child Interaction and resilience in ch ildren with early developmental risk Mother Child interaction and resilience in children with early developmental risk speaks about a study which sieves 50 children with early developmental delays.The article focused on the contributions of child characteristics and mother-child interaction to the prediction of formal intellectual balk (ID) among children with identified early developmental delays (Fenning & Baker, 2012). Children become resilient in certain situations and the study that was performed showed that children remain at risk for learning difficulties and teaching them resilience tools will help the children at risk for ID (Fenning & Baker, 2012).This article was extremely informative because it showed that mother-child interaction are very important to a childs wellbeing and if not appropriately followed through with during preschool period they can be at risk for ID which increases resilience. Mother-child interaction is essential to resilience and this article portra ys the importance of this. Fenning, R. M. , & Baker, J. K. (2012). Motherchild interaction and resilience in children with early developmental risk. Journal Of Family Psychology, 26(3), 411-420. doi10. 1037/a0028287Assessing Personal Resiliency in the context of school settings using the resiliency scales for children and adolescents Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (RSCA) is a method to measure resiliency in students that is applicable for schools private use to utilize within the classroom environment (Embury, 2011). The RSCA will test students and pay upkeep to the strengths and limitations in personal resiliency (Embury, 2011). Resiliency interventions are then put into place depending on the results of the RSCA test and can be used in the school setting.School settings are just as significant as a childs environment at home and when testing the children it will only set a foundation to better a childs personal resiliency tools. The RSCA is easy to use and has tak en studies pertaining to resilience and put them into a test form for the benefit of children in the school setting. Prince-Embury, S. (2011). Assessing personal resiliency in the context of school settings Using the resiliency scales for children and adolescents. Psychology In The Schools, 48(7), 672-685. doi10. 1002/pits. 20581The relation and Interdependence of Maternal and Paternal Influences on Young Childrens Behavior and Resilience We all go through tough times in our life and to a greater extent people than others suffer with bouts of depressions and that does not exclude mothers and fathers. Systematically it has been understood that a mother-child relationship and a mothers depressed mood will affect children more so that a father-child relationship and a fathers depressed mood (Malmberg & Flouri, 2011). Research was done to decipher how depression affects young childrens behavior and their resilience to situations.I was intrigued to reckon that economic deprivation and family stress have a negative effect on the mother-child relationship and in turn have a poor child outcome. Also, it was stated that during the research there was little evidence that showed the quality of father-child relationships advance resilience ( Malmberg & Flouri, 2011). As important as parent-child relationships are we can learn from them to promote positive behavior and form a positive resilience which is a natural part of young children.Malmberg, L. , & Flouri, E. (2011). The Comparison and Interdependence of Maternal and Paternal Influences on Young Childrens Behavior and Resilience. Journal Of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology, 40(3), 434-444. doi10. 1080/15374416. 2011. 563469 References Edith H. Grotberg, Ph. D. (Unknown). Early Childhood Development Practice and Reflections. In Guide to Promoting Resilience in Children Strengthening the Human Spirit. Retrieved October 8, 2012, from http//resilnet. uiuc. edu/library/grotb95b. html.

Mrs Beast Essay

One construction of feminism in the verse is female dominance over workforce. The tool is sh avouch as the weaker of the male culture due to his unappealing image ugly as sin. The Beast sees the narrators faceing interest in him as a miracle and is visualised as desperate to keep her attention even it means living with her neglect. Here we see that the there is a reversal of finish upual activity stereotype as the Beast sorbs on the averive female role and the narrator takes on the stereo ordinaryly-dominant male role.The Beast is also described as submissive to the narrator, fell to his genus at the door which is stereotypically a female indication and shows the power Mrs Beast has over him. Traditionally men argon known for being the nigh powerful in relationships as they are looked up to by women as the more protective, confident and in-control gender because are often known to be the bring up that induces a relationship (asking to court/ asking for marriage). Anoth er male trait shown by Mrs Beast is the control she has over the Beast such as during excite, The peeress says Do this. Harder.The lady says Do that. Faster. The lady says Thats not where I meant. The imperatives used show that Mrs Beast is the most dominant in their relationship which goes against gender stereotypes as men are traditional seen as the most powerful in a relationship. In the poem Mrs Beast shows that she controls when the couple have sex The pig in my bed Was invited which suggests that man has become a sexual object to Mrs Beast rather than a lover, as she shows no emotional appendix to him other than to use him to please her, which supports the feminist view of female dominance.Men are also known to be the most confident in sex and its unremarkably the submissive woman that is known to conform to pleasuring the man rather than vice versa. Second construction of feminism in the poem is where the women take on masculine characteristics and traits. Peukert wrote that Carol Ann Duffy shows a reverse of the traditional hierarchical gender constructions, where the female is now presented as a superior and dominating portend in her poem.Many critics argue whether this reversal is seen as positive or negative as in some areas of her poem, the narrator seems to be losing her female traits and manifesting into the feminist stand of a man. In the poem, Mrs Beast shows male characteristics such as where she uses contemporary taboo language when referring to Princes as bastards. This is often a male trait because women are stereotypically known to be more well-spoken and polite than men. Another example of a male trait Mrs Beast portrays is when she boasts of her possessions and independence, My own gold My own black horse.This is often seen as a stereotypical male trait as men are considered my independent than women who often depend on men to provide for them and their family. Also, to boast ab go forth ones possessions and power, shows competi tiveness which is a common male characteristic also. Competiveness is also shown in the poker crippled between the Serious ladies, a game that is considered a mans game. Traditionally, women playing poker/gambling was seen as improper because of its known bounteous influence to cause obsession which would be unacceptable as women were seen as pure/untouchable against all evil/illegal things such as insobriety or smoking.Duffys use of the semantic field of the poker game, bluff, Aces and shuffle and deal the women are now in roles of control which is a typical masculine trait. (The game could also show that the relationships are like a game. ) Gender role reversal is also shown in the way the Beast is described. When the Beast meets the narrator at the beginning, he is said to show tears in his bloodshot eyes, That he knew he was blessed. Showing emotion is not usually associated with men as the female gender are often stereotypically portrayed as the more emotionally gender and f or men to show emotion is seen as a humiliating weakness.An earlier example of this would be in Stokers novel, Dracula, when Holmwood breaks down in front of Mina, which many Victorian male readers would find shameful and weak. This could support Antony Rowlands view that men and masculinity are attacked constantly by more abrasive female narrators throughout Duffys poems in The Worlds Wife. In the poem, Duffy exposes men for the bastards that they are and mocks them in comparison to the Beast, The sex is better, his erection ,Size of a mules best.Here Duffy teases the men (Princes) by comparing physical humans which is stereotypically known as a mans pride of pleasure. Another construction of feminism is the discriminating or degrading of the male gender. The Beast in the poem is often compared to a mongrel and a dog all animals which are known for evolving from creatures to household pets. This suggests that the Beast is mere property to Mrs Beast and perhaps at both times a co mfort and a burden to have to keep, which links to the feminist piece of music that men are sexual objects and nothing more.Dogs are known to have short-life span and are often replaced by another which again could be considered a stereotypically a masculine view, that women can be replaced later on theyve outdid their usage, as there are plenty more fish in the sea. Other animals the Beast is compared to is a mule, donkey and horse which are all animals that humans use for transport. We could suggest that this could be a sexual reference as Mrs Beast rides the Beast and is control during sex, as a passenger is in control of a horse.There is also a phrase in the poem where animals mentioned seem to drop down in evolution, An ape, a wolf dragon, dinosaur. Humans are believed to have evolved from apes, so to describe the Beast as a ape and then a dinosaur could suggest that Carol Ann Duffy is implying that men are perhaps less evolved than women and that in the presence of a woman (Mrs Beast) men lose their humanity/ intelligence. Another construction of feminism in the poem is the theme of homosexuality. At the end of the poker, the drop-dead gorgeous Bride of the Bearded Lesbian didnt Bluff and ends up winning the game.Some critics believe that Duffy is intentionally putting out her support for homosexuality by letting the Lesbian be the winner of the poker game. This could also be a biased consideration of the stereotypical viewpoint that most feminist are homosexual for example Duffy herself has been rumoured to have had a relationship with (Not sure how to develop ) Duffy lists, throughout the poem, various women both from history, Marilyn Monroe, Bluebeards wives, atomic number 1 VIIIs, Diana, Princess of Wales and from fairytales, Little Mermaid, Rapunzel, Ashputtel.Here Mrs Beast and her acquaintances pay tribute to these women, of whom Duffy suggests, were mistreated by their Prince such as Diana. Her marriage to Prince Charles was frowned on by th e proud family and eventually came to an end when he husband was rumoured to have had an affair behind her back. From this reference, Duffy is implying that even the most presumed perfect man on the outside (Prince Charles both a member of the Royal family and a Catholic) can still be a bastard inside.The reference to Bluebeards wives also shows the false image, shown by men who seem perfect. In the fairytale Bluebeard marries again, after a numerous times before, to a beautiful woman who in the ends find out that Bluebeards has killed his previous wifes and hung them up in a room, she informs others and has him killed. Duffy refers to this fairytale because it negatively implies that men are destroyers of women and only seek to harm/manipulate them like Bluebeard who kills his wifes and arrange them up like trophies/ prizes of his conquests.A additional reference to another tragic girl is the tears of bloody shame where Duffy personifies the beads of the rosary as the Virgin Mary s tears. Here Duffy makes a controversial example of the suffering of Mary, whose vital suffering is considered insignificant in comparison to the suffering of Jesus on the cross. Although this is could be a exceptional argument supporting feminist we must consider the context because the discrimination is purely down to the culture during the time period the parole was wrote women were seen as the weaker sex.

Succubus on Top CHAPTER 1

Demons argon scary.No intimacy what religion or walk of life you come from, this remains pretty constant. Oh sure, they fork out their pie-eyed moments especially in the bands I run with entirely all in all, people have good reason to f auricula atrii and avoid stone pits diabolical servants. Theyre in homophilee and merciless, delight in pain and suffering, and torture souls in their free prison term. They lie. They steal. They cheat on their taxes.Yet, in spite of all that, I couldnt help but commend I was ab protrude to witness the most terrifying demonic act yet.An allocates ceremony. For me.Horatio, vice demon of such-and-such division of Infernal Aff dividing lines, stood before me, trying to im serving an air of solemnity to the moment and failing miserably. I suspected his sky blue polyester suit and matching paisley bow tie were largely to blame. The sideburns didnt help either. He credibly hadnt left the inner circles of hell in about six centuries, spikelet ar ound the exist time sky blue polyester was in style.With a too-long glade of his throat, he glanced back and forth between those gathitherd, verifying we were all paying attention. My supervisor Jerome stood nearby, looking utterly bored, occasionally glancing at his watch. Beside him, Horatios impish assistant Kasper grinned from ear to ear. A briefcase sat on the floor near him, and he clutched an assortment of papers. The eager, suck-up, lapdog look on his face indicated a burning desire for promotion.As for mewell, I was fighting a hard battle to look excited too and failing. Which was unacceptable, of course. Im a succubus. My entire existence relies on making people men in particular believe and see what they deprivation to in me. I female genital organ switch from simpering virgin to sultry dominatrix in a heartbeat. All it takes is a spell of shape-shifting and a dash of playacting. Id picked up the former ability when I traded away my human soul Id acquired the latt er oer time. After all, you cant spend centuries telling all guy, Yeah baby, you were the best Ive ever had and non learn a little some intimacy about schmoozing. Myths may paint us as e in that locational, demonic creatures of pleasure, but h binglestly, organism a succubus well(p) comes work through to a convincing poker face and a good sales pitch.So, rightfully, this awards thing shouldnt have been a enigma for me. But Horatio wasnt making it easy to keep a straight face.Verily, it gives me great honor to be here today, he intoned in a nasal, barytone voice.Verily?Hard work is what makes us great, and we gather here now to recognize one who has. shown dedication and given her all to the Greater Evil. Such individuals are what make us strong, what will allow us to win in this immense battle when all tallies are counted at the end of time. Such individuals are worthy of our esteem, and we strive to reward their commitment, letting all know just how important it is to push h ard against the odds and fight for our objectives in these difficult times. He then added Whereas those who do not work hard are cast into the fiery pits of despair, to burn for all eternity and be ripped asunder by the hounds of hell.I opened my mouth, on the verge of noting how that would be more than cost proceedsive than severance pay, but Jerome caught my eye and shook his head.Meanwhile, Horatio had nudged Kasper, and the imp hastily handed over a gold embossed certificate. It is therefore with great pleasure that I present unto you this Award of Achievement for Excellently Exceeding and Surpassing Requisite succuba Quotas in this Most Recent Quarter. Congratulations.Horatio shook my hand and handed me the certificate, which had been signed by about fifty different people.This Certifies thatLETHA (alias Georgina Kincaid), Succubus in the Archdiocese of Seattle, Washington, United States of America, marriage America, Earth, has hereby Excellently Exceeded and Surpassed Requi site Succubus Quotas in this Most Recent Quarter, demonstrating outstanding performance in seduction, damnation, and corruption of human souls.Everyone looked at me when I spotless reading, so I supposed they expected some kind of speech or something. Mostly I was wondering if Id get in trouble for press cutting this down to fit an eight-by-ten frame.Urn, thanks. This iscool.That seemed to satisfy Horatio. He nodded smartly, then shot a glance to Jerome.You must be so proud.Exceptionally, murmured the archdemon, stifling a yawn.Horatio turned back to me. Keep up the good work. You might find yourself in line for promotion to the corporate level.As if giving my soul away wasnt already painful enough. I forced a smile.Well. on that points still so a lot to do here.Excellent attitude. Most excellent. Youve done well with her. He gave Jerome a chummy ditch on the back, something my boss did not look happy about at all. He didnt really like friendly pats. Or being touched, period. Well, if theres nothing more, I should probably oh, I nearly forgot.Horatio turned to Kasper. The imp handed over something else to his master.These are for you. As a token of our appreciation.He gave me a lay out add-in for Applebees, as well as some Blockbuster free-rental coupons. Jerome and I both stared for a moment, dumbstruck.Wow, I finally said. The runner-up for this award probably got a gift card for Sizzler. Never doubt that second place really is the first loser.Horatio and Kasper vanished. Jerome and I stood in silence for a few moments.You like riblets, Jerome?Droll, very droll,Georgie. He strolled around my living room, pretending to study my books and artwork. Nice job with the quota thing. Of course, its easy to excel when youre starting at zero, huh?I shrugged and tossed the certificate on my kitchen counter. Does it really matter? Still gets you the laurels. I figured youd like that.Of course I do. In fact, Ive been rather pleasantly impressd at just how well youve kept your promise.I incessantly keep my promises.Not all of your promises.My silence do him smile. So what now? Going out to celebrate?You know where Im going. Im going to Peters. Arent you?He avoided the caput demons excelled at that. I thought perhaps other plans had arisen. Plans with a certain mortal. You do seem to be doing that an awful lot youthfully. Its none of your business what I do.All of your business is my business.Again, I didnt answer. The demon stepped closer, dark eyes boring into me. For inexplicable reasons, he chose to look like John Cusack while walking the human world. That might seem like it would reduce his power to intimidate, but I swear, it scarcely made things worse.How long are you going to keep up this farce, Georgie? His speech communication were a challenge, trying to draw me out. You cant honestly think you have a future with him. Or that you two can stay chaste forever. For Christs sake, even if you can keep your hands off him, no human males going to stay celibate for long. Especially one with a large fan base.Did you miss the part where I said its my business?Heat rose to my cheeks. Despite knowing better, Id recently gotten myself involved with a human. I wasnt even entirely sure how it had happened since Ive always gone out of my way to avoid that kind of thing. I guess you could say he sort of snuck up on me. unrivalled moment he was simply a warm and comforting presence at my side the next I realized how intensely he love me. That love had blindsided me. I hadnt been able to resist it and had decided to see where it might take me.As a result, Jerome never failed to remind me of the potential disaster I courted daily in this romance. His opinion wasnt entirely un beed. A small part of this was because I didnt have a good track record with serious relationships. The larger part was that doing much more than hand-holding with a human would inevitably lead to me sucking away some of his life. But hey, all coupl es have their stumbling blocks, right?The demon smoothed down the jacket of his perfectly tailored black suit. Just friendly advice. It makes no difference. I dont mind if you keep playing house with him denying him a future, a family, a healthy sex life. Whatever. So long as you keep up the good work, its all the same to me.Are you done with the pep talk? Im late.One more thing. I thought you might like to know I just made some arrangements for a pleasant surprise. One youll like.What kind of surprise? Jerome didnt really do surprises. Not good ones, at least(prenominal).Wouldnt be a surprise if I told you, now would it?Typical. I scoffed and turned away. I dont have time for your games. Either tell me whats going on or leave.I think Ill leave. But, before I do, just remember something. He put his hand on my shoulder and turned me around to face him again. I flinched at his touch and his proximity. The demon and I were not as buddy-buddy as we had once been. You only have one ma n whos a constant in your life, only one man you will always answer to. A hundred historic period from now, he will be dust in the earth, and I will be the one you keep plan of attack back to.It sounded romantic or sexual, but it wasnt. Not in the least. My tie to Jerome ran deeper than that. A binding and loyalty that literally went straight to my soul. A connection I was bound to for all eternity, at least until the powers of hell decided to assign me to a different archdemon.Your pimp routine is getting old.He stepped back, undisturbed by my rancor. His eyes danced.If Im a pimp, Georgina, whats that make you?There was an ostentatious poof of smoke, and Jerome disappeared before I could reply.Fucking demons.I stood alone in my apartment, turning over his words in my mind. Finally, remembering the time, I headed for the chamber to change clothes. As I did, I passed Horatios certificate. Its gold seal winked up at me. I flipped it over, face down, suddenly feeling queasy. I might be good at what I did, but that didnt mean I was proud of it.I ended up only being about fifteen transactions late for my friend Peters shindig. He answered his door before I could even knock. Taking in his billowing white hat and KISS THE COOK apron, I said, Im sorry. No one told me Iron Chef was being filmed here tonight.Youre late, he chided, waving a wooden spoon in the air. So what, you win an award and think you can forget all about propriety now?I ignored his disapproval and swept inside. It was the only thing you could do with an neurotic vampire.In the living room, I found our other friends Cody and Hugh sorting large piles of cash.Did you guys rob a bank?Nope, said Hugh. Since Peters trying to provide us with a civilized meal tonight, we decided a civilized pastime was required.Money laundering?Poker.From the kitchen, I could hear Peter muttering to himself about a souffle. It sort of diminished my image of a bunch of shady characters huddled around a backroom card tabl e. I think bridge would be more appropriate.Hugh looked doubtful. Thats an old-persons game, sweetie.I had to smile at that. Old was kind of a relative term when most of us could boast centuries. I had long suspected that among my circle of lesser immortals those who were not true angels or demons I had more years than any of them, never mind the optimistic claim of being twenty-eight on my drivers license.Since when do we even play games? I wondered aloud. Our last attempt had involved a game of Monopoly with Jerome. Competing with a demon in a struggle for home and ultimate control is kind of futile.Since when dont we play games? Games of life, games of death. Games of love, of hope, of chance, of despair, and of all the myriad wonders in between.I rolled my eyes at the newcomer. Hello, Carter. Id known the angel was lurking in the kitchen, just as Peter had felt me coming down the hall. Wheres your better half tonight? I just saying him. I thought he was coming too.Carter str olled in and gave me one of his mocking smiles, gray eyes alight with secrets and mirth. He wore his usual transient ware, ripped jeans and a faded T-shirt. When it came to age, the rest of us couldnt even differentiate to him. We had all once been mortal we measured our lives in centuries or millennia. Angels and demonswell, they measured their lives in eternity. Am I my brothers keeper?Classic Carter answer. I looked to Hugh, who was, in a manner of speaking, our bosss keeper. Or at least a sort of administrative assistant.He had to take off for a meeting, said the imp, stacking twenties. Some kind of team-building thing in L.A.I tried to imagine Jerome participating in a ropes course. What kind of team building do demons do exactly?No one had an answer for that. Which was probably just as well.While the cash sorting continued, Peter made me a vodka gimlet. I eyed the bottle of Absolut on his counter.What the hell is that?I ran out of Grey Goose. Theyre practically the same anyw ay.I swear, if you werent already an abomination before the Lord, Id accuse you of heresy. When all the money was sorted, including my contribution, we sat around the vampires kitchen table. standardised everyone else in the known world right now, we started playing Texas Hold,em. I could play okay but fared far better with mortals than immortals. My charisma and glamour had less effect on this group, which meant I had to think harder about odds and strategy.Peter scurried around during the game, attempting to play and watch his meal at the same time. It wasnt easy, since he insisted on wearing sunglasses while playing, which then had to be removed while he checked the food. When I commented on how this would be my second fancy dinner in two nights, he nearly had a fit.Whatever. Nothing you had last night will even compare to this duck Ive made. Nothing.I dont know about that. I went to the Metropolitan Grill.Hugh whistled. Whoa. I wondered where you got the glow from. When a guy takes you to the Met, you cant really help but put out, huh?The glows from a different guy, I said uncomfortably, not really wanting to be reminded of a tryst Id had this morning, even if it had been pretty hot. I went to the Met with Seth. The memory of last nights dinner brought a smile to my face, and I suddenly found myself rambling. You should have seen him. He genuinely didnt wear a T-shirt for once, though Im not sure it made a difference. The shirt he did have on was all wrinkled, and he couldnt really tie the tie. Plus, when I first got there, he had his laptop out on the table. Hed shoved everything else aside napkins, wineglasses. It was a mess. The waiters were horrified.Four sets of eyes stared at me.What? I demanded. Whats wrong?You are, said Hugh. Youre a glutton for punishment.Cody smiled. Not to mention totally love struck. Listen to yourself.Shes not in love with him, said Peter. Shes in love with his books.No Im The words died on my lips, mainly because I wasn t sure what I wanted to argue. I didnt want them to think I only loved the books, but I wasnt entirely sure I loved Seth yet either. Our relationship had blossomed with remarkable speed, but sometimes, I dysphoric what I actually loved was the idea of him loving me.I cant believe you guys are still doing the sexless-dating thing, continued Hugh.My temper flared. Id already taken this from Jerome I didnt need to hear it here too.Look, I dont want to talk about this if you guys are just going to nag me, okay? Im tired of everyone telling me how crazy it is.Peter shrugged. I dont know. Its not that crazy. You always hear about these married couples who never have sex anymore. They survive. This would be almost the same thing.Not with our girl. Hugh shook his head. Look at her. Who wouldnt want to have sex with her?They all looked again, making me squirm.Hey, I protested, feeling the need to clear up a point. Thats not the problem. He wants to, okay? Hes just not going to. Theres a dif ference.Sorry, said Hugh. Im just not buying it. He cant be with you in the clothes you wear and not crack. Even if he could, no guy could handle his woman seeing as much action as you do.It was a well-worn point in my mind, the same Jerome had made, the one that worried me more than our ability to keep our hands off each other. One of my greatest nightmares involved having a conversation akin to Sorry, Seth. I cant go out tonight. I have to go work this married guy I met, so I can get him to sleep with me, thus leading him shape up and further down the road to damnation while I suck away part of his life. Maybe when Im done, you and I can catch a late movie.I dont want to talk about this, I repeated. Were doing just fine. End of story.Silence fell, save for the sound of cards and money hitting the table. Glancing around, I saw Carter watching me levelly. Only he had stayed out of the Seth bashing. This didnt surprise me. The angel usually just listened until he could interject som e sarcastic or mystical quip. This used to infuriate me, but recent events had changed my attitude toward him. I still didnt fully understand him or know if I could trust him, but I had come to respect him.Troubled by the scrutiny, I glanced back down and discovered I finally had a respectable hand after several(prenominal) rounds of shit. Three of a kind. Not the greatest but passable. I raised high, wanting to get the others out before more cards came into play and made my hand less passable.My strategy worked on the vampires. The next card fell. Seven of spades. Hugh scowled and folded when I raised again. I waited for Carter to drop out as well, but instead, he reraised further.I hesitated only a moment before calling. As the last card was about to play, I puzzled over what the angel might have and whether I could beat it. A pair? Two pair? Ah. The last card came out. Another spade. There was now a strong possibility he had a flush. That would beat me. Still hoping I could bluf f him out, I raised even more. He reraised me again, more than doubling my initial bet.That was a lot of money to add, especially considering what Id already put in. Centuries of investments kept me pretty comfortable, but that didnt mean I had to be stupid. What did he have? It had to be the flush. Balking, I folded.With a cheery grin, he swept in the massive pot. When he tossed his hand over to the discard pile, the cards edges caught, making them flip over. Two of diamonds. Eight of clubs.Youyou bluffed I cried. You had nothingCarter taciturnly lit a cigarette.I looked to the others for confirmation. He cant do that.Hell, Ive been doing it for half this game, said Hugh, borrowing Carters lighter. Not that its done me any good.Yeahbuthes, you know. An angel. They cant lie.He didnt lie. He bluffed.Cody considered, twisting a piece of his blond hair around one finger. Yeah, but bluffing is still dishonest.Its implied lying, said Peter.Hugh stared at him. Implied lying? What the fuc k does that mean?I watched Carter stack his money and made a face at him. Youd think an angel who hung around with employees of evil would be a good influence, but at times, he seemed worse than we were. Enjoy your thirty pieces of silver, Judas.He gave me a mock hat tip while the others argued on.Suddenly, like a row of dominoes, conversation steady dropped. Carter felt it first, of course, but he merely arched an eyebrow, as indifferent as ever. Then came the vampires with their heightened reflexes and sensitivity. They exchanged glances and looked toward the door. Finally, seconds later, Hugh and I sensed it as well.What is that? Cody frowned, staring across the room. Its sort of like Georgina but not.Hugh followed the young vampires gaze, face mildly speculative. Incubus.I had already known that, of course. The signatures we all carried differed by creature. Vampires felt different from imps, just as imps felt different from succubi. If one knew an immortal well enough, one cou ld also pick up on an individuals unique attributes. I was the only succubus who stimulate sensations of silk and tuberose perfume. In a room full of vampires, I would have been able to quickly determine if Cody or Peter were present.Likewise, I immediately knew there was an incubus approaching Peters door, and I knew exactly which incubus it was. I would have known his signature anywhere, even after all this time. The fleeting feel of smooth on the skin. A whispered scent of rum, almond, and cinnamon.Not even realizing Id gotten up, I flung the door open, staring with delight at the same fox-faced features and mischievous eyes Id last seen over a century ago.Hello, ma Fleur , he said.

Sepsis

Four days later on February 29th, she as moved into ICC be typeface she continued to have the same symptoms and appeared to be getting worse. After doing my own research on her symptoms, I asked the ICC nurse if they tested her for sepsis. She confirmed that she did have sepsis and they were now treating that along with a dry wash slant of former(a) things. Eight days later, my m otherwise passed away from complications of Sepsis, COOP, Pneumonia, Hypoxia, Kielbasa, and Hyperplasia (carbon-dioxide intoxication). Sepsis is a prepare that can be a cause or result of other diseases and infections. WayneRobinson and Ron Daniels (2013) summon the definition as Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the bodys response to an infection injures its own tissue and organs. Sepsis can lead to shock, multiple organ failure and expiry especially if not recognized early and treated promptly. Sepsis remains the primary cause of death from infection despite advances in modern m edicine, including vaccines, antibiotics and acute care. Millions of community worldwide die of sepsis e truly yr (l 2). Sepsis can be difficult to diagnose quickly because of the underlying infection(s) hat may be causing the sepsis.There is a very small window of opportunity in which give-and-take can dramatically improve survival. A patient that is admitted with severe sepsis is at a train of put on the line many times greater than if he or she were admitted with a stroke or heart attack. The two most common infections associated with sepsis are Its and pneumonia. In my mothers case, she had a OUT and was unaware that she had one. In event, she probably had it for a couple of weeks prior to going to the infirmary. There are three diagnosed levels of sepsis sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock.Sepsis is a systematic inflammatory response to an infection defined by two or more inflammatory response syndrome criteria. Those criteria are based on observations such(prenomina l) as fever, s utter respirations (breathing), rapid heart rate, and an altered mental state. Some blood test results can assist in determining this as well. austere sepsis is present when one or more organs begin to fail as a result of sepsis. Acute respiratory distress can survey severe sepsis as well as a disease called Disseminated Intramuscular Coagulation (DICE), which has to do with the blood not clotting normally.DICE is highly relevant to return in patients with sepsis. The final level of diagnosis is septic shock. Septic shock is present when there is evidence that the tissues and organs are receiving insufficient amounts of group O and nutrients, low blood pressure, a rapid heart rate and breathing, and can be considered the most severe end of the spectrum of this disease. As stated earlier, my mother had a laundry list of things wrong with her, all contributing to her death. Some of the infections she had developed from the sepsis infection, and some of them caused t he sepsis infection.Her UT, for example, was ere initial diagnosis when she came into the ERE. People with limited or no sensation to a lower place the waist may not know they have a UT. An untreated OUT may spread to the kidney, causing more pain and illness. It can excessively cause sepsis. The term resources is usually used to describe sepsis caused by a UT (Sepsis Alliance, n. D. , 1 2). More than one half of reported cases of older adults with resources are caused by a UT. Another interesting fact is that one-third of people who develop sepsis, die from it.Those that do survive it are usually left with some token of organ dysfunction and/or amputation. While in the ICC, my mother developed hyperplasia (carbon-dioxide poisoning). This infection was a result of the sepsis. I had never heard of hyperplasia before so I started to ask questions. Because of the sepsis infection, my mothers respirations were very weak. She wasnt breathing hard enough to release the carbon-dioxide f rom her body when she exhaled. To assist her with breathing, she was put on a APIPA shape that forced the group O into her system so she could breathe easier.The hope was that this mould would help her breathe until she was well enough to earth properly on her own. The nurses tried small intervals of removing the machine to see how she would do, but her gas levels would go back up if off of the machine too long. The highest gas rate at one time was 86, which is approximately quadruple what a normal level should be. Another infection that my mother developed while in the hospital was Kielbasa. Kielbasa is a type of bacteria that causes other infections. Kielbasa infections commonly occur among sick patients who are receiving treatment for other conditions.Patients who require devices kindred ventilators (breathing machines) or intravenous catheters are more at risk for Kielbasa infections (C autographs for complaint Control and Prevention (CDC), 2012, 1 1). A person has to be e xposed to the bacteria to get the infection. Unfortunately, medical tools such as ventilators and intravenous catheters allow Kielbasa to enter the body off patient and cause infection. It is very rare for Kielbasa to spread to family members of patients. Healthy people are at a very low risk of acquiring this infection.My mother most likely developed Kielbasa from the Bi-PAP machine she needed to use to breathe, as well as a compromised immune system. Another condition my mother developed as a result of the sepsis was hypoxia. In her case, she had metabolic hypoxia. This developed because of the high demand of oxygen required from her tissues. Even though the oxygen can be transported and absorbed properly, it is not enough when it comes to sepsis. Some organs that can be affected by hypoxia are the heart, liver and the brain. There is a correlation between edema and hypoxia as well.Edema is the swelling of tissues (usually due to heart failure) and can limit the ability of oxygen to reach tissues. Since my mother also had edema, her hypoxia very well could have developed from both the sepsis and edema. One of the last infections my mother developed was pneumonia. Pneumonia is commonly associated with sepsis as either a result or a cause. Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs and can be in Just one or both lungs. If pneumonia alone is left untreated it can be deadly. In the days prior to antibiotics, about one third of people who developed bacteria pneumonia died.Once my mother developed pneumonia, we knew that she was never going to recover from all of the infections she was developing. She came into the hospital with COOP that she had for several years prior and a number of other issues that only contributed to her development of sepsis and these other infections. Out of the millions worldwide that die every year from sepsis, more than 750,000 of them are in the U. S. One article I read said that sepsis triggers a cascading, whole-body inflammatory respons e (McKinney, 2014, 1 3).According to federal data, it is the leading cause of hospital deaths in ICC and the 10th leading cause of death in the United States overall. Hospitals continue to struggle when it comes to early detection of sepsis. Another interesting fact I found was that researchers noted high rates of sepsis mortality in the Midwest, mid-Atlantic and Southern States even as much as four times the national average. These areas are called fervent spots. Researchers continue to research the reasons behind this. Is it a result of patient level differences commodities, age, race, smoking, alcohol, etc.? Is it a result of MS care?DEED care? In-patient care? This needs to be sorted out (Struck, 2013, 1 6). The following graph from 2010 illustrates the death rate in these hot spots as well as there areas of the United States (McKinney, 2014) There really is no single test for sepsis. It is at the discretion of the DEED and physicians to cautiously screen patients who might hav e it in order to rule it out or identify who actually has it. Unfortunately, there is not one single treatment that targets sepsis. Instead, physicians and nurses follow a number of treatments including antibiotics, intravenous fluids, oxygen, and in some cases, surgery.Sometimes it is hard to get physicians to think about sepsis as a disease that is time- sensitive like a heart-attack. Continuous efforts and resources will hopefully lead too reduction in mortality rates. In conclusion, not enough is known about sepsis, thus far it is one of the most deadly diseases someone can get. My father had never heard of sepsis until mom was diagnosed with it. After learning more about sepsis, I am not surprised she developed it. She was sick for years starting back in 2007 when she had a triple- bypass, Cybernetic surgery for cancer on her lung, and a kidney take away for cancer as well.She never fully recovered from all of that and I think it Just made her alienable to other infections an d diseases. Watching the disease further firsthand made me see that it is almost impossible for anyone to recover from it. As stated earlier, it cascades into other diseases so rapidly that hospital staff cannot fall apart it. We were told that there was no way my mother was ever going to recover from the disease and to keep her alive she would need to be on a machine for the rest of her shortened life. No one deserves to live like that. Sepsis will leave a patient with no quality of life and a poisoning of the whole body.I want to help create more wariness about the disease and will continue to do research on the disease and other diseases that cause and result from it. I am also going to seek out organizations in our area to see how I can be an counseling for this awful disease. I would love to be able to educate families that may be going through what my family had to go through. This evil may have taken my mother from me, but it has only made me stronger and more determined than ever to do something positive and help others. Reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Kielbasa pneumonia in healthcare Settings.

Kepler Mission

What is the Kepler mission? Many people dont even inhabit what is going on here on soil let alone in space. The Kepler mission is hunt clubing the skies for planets that ar the same size as earth and worlds that could possibly alike to our own (Site 1). The Kepler spacecraft has found over 750 candidates for extra solar planets and that is just from data collected in the first 43 eld of the spacecrafts observations. This is the biggest release of candidate planets that has ever happened.This is amazing just imagine if there is that many other planets like earth with human life on it. The Kepler aggroup up has found so many candidates, they are sharing. They will keep the top 400 candidates to verify and confirm with observations using other telescopes with observations done by Kepler team members (Site 2). Us as human existence can only think and wonder if there is life outside of this planet. The Kepler mission is our chance to baring out. Kepler launched on March 6, 2009 , and has been on the hunt for exoplanets (Site 2).The Kepler instrument is a specially designed 0. 95-meter diameter telescope called a photometer or light meter. It has a real large field of view for an astronomical telescope 105 square degrees, which is comparable to the area of your hand held at arms length. The fields of view of most telescopes are less than one square degree. Kepler needs the large field of view in order to observe the large number of sentiencys. It stares at the same star field for the entire mission and continuously and simultaneously monitors the brightnesss of more than 100,000 stars for at least 3. years, the initial length of the mission, which can be protracted (Site 1). Extending the mission beyond three and one half years provides for improving the signal to noise by combining more transits to permit detection of little planets. Another reason why extending the mission is good is to find planets in orbits with larger periods. Also to find planets around stars that are noisier either due to being fainter or having more variability The scientific objective of the Kepler Mission is to explore the structure and diversity of planetary systems.This is achieved by surveying a large try on of stars to do the abundance of terrestrial and larger planets in or near the habitable zone of a wide variety of stars. Another objective is to determine the distribution of sizes and shapes of the orbits of these planets. Estimate how many planets there are in multiple-star systems. Determine the variety of orbit sizes and planet reflectivitys, sizes, masses and densities of short-period giant planets. Also to rate additional members of each discovered planetary system using other techniques and determine the properties of those stars that harbor planetary systems (Site 1).The Kepler Mission also supports the objectives of future NASA Origins theme missions post Interferometry Mission (SIM) and Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) by identifying the common stellar characteristics of host stars for future planet searches, defining the volume of space needed for the search and allowing SIM to target systems already known to withdraw terrestrial planet (Site 1). The Kepler mission has discovered a system of two Saturn size planets with perhaps a threesome planet that is only 1. 5 times the radius of Earth.While the news of this discovery is tempered somewhat with the announcement by a team from the European southerly Observatory of a system with five confirmed Neptune-sized planets and perhaps two additional smaller planets, both discoveries highlight that the spacecraft and techniques astronomers are using to find exoplanets are getting the desired results, and excitingly exoplanet research now includes the study of multiplanet systems. This discovery is the first time multiple planets were found by looking at transit time variations, which can provide more information about planets, such as their masses (Site 2).NASA held a press conference to discuss proto(prenominal) science results of the Kepler Mission on August 6, 2009. At this press conference, it was revealed that Kepler has confirmed the existence of the previously-known transiting exoplanet HAT-P-7b, and is functioning well enough to discover Earth-size planets. Since Keplers detection of planets depends on sightedness very small changes in brightness, stars that vary in brightness all by themselves are not useful in this search. From the first few months of data, Kepler scientists have determined that about 7500 stars from the initial target list are such variable stars.These were dropped from the target list and will be replaced by new candidates. On November 4, 2009, the Kepler project publicly released the light curves of the dropped stars. Ground-based follow-up studies of the first six weeks of data, reveal five previously unknown planets, all very close to their stars, one (Kepler-4b) around larger than Neptune and four (Kepler-5b, 6b, 7b, and 8b) larger than Jupiter, including one (Kepler-7b), that is one of the least dense planets found yet.Another discovery, not yet understood, are at least two objects that are the size of planets, but hotter than their stars (Site 2). In conclusion, the Kepler mission I believe is the first of its kind that is actually working. The significance of the Kepler mission is very important. Kepler will monitor 100,000 stars similar to our sun for four years. The results will be extremely important either way. If Kepler detects many habitable, Earth-size planets, it could mean the universe is full of life. Kepler would then be a stepping lapidate to the next extensive search for habitable planets and life, the Terrestrial Planet Finder (Site 3). If nothing is found, it may mean were alone in the galaxy.Bibliography Site 1Kepler. Nasa. Ames inquiry Center, Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Site 2 Kepler Mission. UniverseToday. com. 26 Aug. 2010. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Site 3 Discovery Progr am. NASA. 16 Feb. 2010. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. .

Sex Tourism

Gender and the Economy of energise touristry In Kenyas Coast Province induction trip out touristry requires Third world women to be economically despe array enough to enter into harlotry once they do so, it becomes difficult to leave. The other spatial relation of the equation requires men from affluent societies to imagine that Afri digest women be to a greater extent available and submissive than women in their own countries. Finally, the manufacture depends on alliance between topical anaesthetic governments in search of foreign currency and local foreign business pull up stakesing to invest in call forthualized travel (Enloe, two hundred036).Otherwise known as ride whoredom, raise touristry is touristry for which the main motivation of the trip is to consummate or drive in technical intimate relations (Graburn 1983 sign of the zodiac 1991 Ryan and vestibule 2001). The number of men and women travelling to Third World countries seeking finish tourism has i ncreased tremendously (Herold et al. 2001). In the past, nonorious fetch up destinations confirm been mainly the S bulge outh East Asian countries, today it has fiesta to other regions of the world including Kenya, Tunisia, South Africa, Brazil and The Gambia (Ryan and mansion 2001, Enloe2002 Chissim 1996).This paper discusses gender and the political preservation of sex tourism on the Kenyan Coast, its health and socio- economic impacts. Inter field of study tourism and Sex touristry in Kenya Tourists visit Kenya because of several tenablenesss including its beautiful landscape, round the bendlife safari, the humid climatic casts along the Kenyan Coast and the beautiful coastal brinkes. International tourist arrivals in Kenya endure been increasing tremendously from 69 single million million million in 1960 to 160 million in 1970, 458 million in 1990, and 625 million in 1998 (WTO, 1999).This increase has led to massive increase in sex tourism, a condition evidenced by inclusion of Kenya among the worlds steer sex tourism destinations (Vatican 2003 Boston Globe 1995 East African Standard 1995 and Chessim 1996). Although non officially stated, a good percentage of foreign tourists who visit Kenya a great dealtimes indulge in sex tourism during their trip (Chissam 1996 Sindiga 1999). These tourists mainly come from Ger umpteen another(prenominal), the UK, Switzerland, Italy and France. Others be from atomic number 7 America, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and European countries much(prenominal) as Spain and Sweden.Many of these countries start been generating sex tourists to any(prenominal) of the worlds renowned sex tourism destinations such(prenominal) as Thailand (Ryan and Hall 2001). Hence we can conclude that they atomic number 18 possible to engage in the same activity while in Kenya. Kenya is a developing untaught with agriculture contri unlessing 24. 0% of GDP. Overall, Kenyas economic executing has been declining since earl y 1990s. The countrys per capita is about US$ 260 and more than 70% of Kenyan race currently lives below the poverty line the worst thrill be women (CBS 2001). The Economics of touristry and Sex IndustryThe main economic activity in Kenya at independence in 1963 was Agriculture whereby the country relied on cash crop exports. After independence, the government tried to diversify the economy by implementing an sensory(a) door economic policy to attract foreign investment. However, the limitations of sylvan and manufacturing empyreans coupled with the appreciation of physical exercise potential forced Kenyan government to turn to tourism as a central attention. Since 1987, tourism effort has been the leash foreign exchange earner, (CBS 2001) surpassing the traditional export crops of coffee and tea (Gakuhu1992 Weaver 1998 and CBS 2001).The fabrication employs about 1. 5 million Kenyans, approximately 8% of wage earning labor force (Weaver, 1998 and CBS 1999). In addition , tourism is linked to many domestic industries and it is a potentially useful tool for generating development in neglected areas. The industry as well contri andes substantially to government revenues through taxes and import duties. tourism is on that pointfore officially promoted in Kenya as the main foreign exchange earner, source of employment and general development. Its significance on the Kenyan economy has a lot of bearing on tourism policies including those related to sex tourism.Sex tourism merchandise on the Kenyan Coast Sex tourism is believed to be increasing at a high rate in Kenya. This is mainly because of the reality that in that respect is a sex tourism market for female and male tourists. Female tourists, mainly from European countries come to Kenya to fancy with local beach boys because they imagine that moody men (or men of color) are stronger and more active in bed than men in their home countries. On the other hand, male tourists come to Kenya to meet w ith black women mainly unfledged girls who are believed to be hot in bed. Child prostitution is in like manner emerging in Kenya involving young boys and girls.This is comm sole(prenominal) along the Kenyan coast where many children choose not to go to shoal except resourcely go to beaches in search for white men and women from European countries who exploit them sexually. The Kenyan Coast located along the Indian Ocean caters for about 66% of Kenyan tourism activities. Sex tourism is a study activity in Kenyan Coast (Sindiga 1999, Migot-Adhola et al 1982 Bechmann 1985). The Kenya coast as a tourism destination has existed since 1920 attracting mainly the white settlers and colonial government officials who seek holiday excitements.Major tourist attractions at the Kenyan coast take on the wildlife, white blonde beaches, sun, sea, sex, scene features, diverse cultures, hospitable people, historical sites, national museums, national parks and reserves near the coast and touri sm facilities of international standard such as hotels and airport. The presence and availability of Britons, Germans, Italians, Americans and others in Mombasa and other coastal towns in search of rest, fun and recreation has been the main factor attracting Kenyan girls and children to get involved in sex tourism (Sindiga 1999 and Chissim 1996).Different Forms of Sex Tourism Sex tourism several(prenominal)times involves production of videos featuring nude dancing in which no direct animal(prenominal) contact occurs the tourists engage in voyeurism. There are also casual prostitutes or freelancers who move in and out of prostitution depending on their financial needs. In this case, sex tourism whitethorn be regarded as neither commercialized and the relationship between sex drawer and the client may be ridden with ambiguities (Cohen 1982 Ryan and Hall 2001), particularly if the relationship shifts from an economic to a social base.However, some women entering into sex tourism in Kenya are not financially needy but only seeking fun and social class, whereby the companionship views women seen socializing with white men with high esteem and associate them with wealth and success in life. Some of these women check jobs in noble professions while others are college students. There is also the more formalized form of prostitution where the workers operate through intermediaries. Since sex tourism is illegal in Kenya, prostitutes use entertainment establishments such as night clubs, bars, beaches and other retail outlets to get customers.The other type of sex tourism is that of bonded prostitutes. This is more of slavery because it is enforced by people such as family members through abductions and kidnapping. Motivation Factors Why do Tourists Look for Sex Most tourists ladder to behave differently while in the countries they are touring. This is because there is an assurance of anonymity, which releases them from the usual restraints, which determine thei r behavior in their home countries. Tourism allows people to pull away their identity and demos them the freedom to escape realities and live their fantasies.They eliminate more bullion, relax more, drink more, eat more and get involved in pleasures they would not at home. Men who would never visit brothels in their home countries ordain end up doing so in a foreign country where there is minimal chance of detection and penalty. For the same reason, women who would never have sex with boys young enough to be their grand children at their home country would do so in a foreign country. Tourists tend to seek commercial sex function in Kenya because the services are readily available and quite punk compared to what they would get for such services in their home countries. much(prenominal) tourists are able to enjoy lifestyles they could never enjoy in their home countries. Furthermore, some of these tourists may hold menial jobs in their industrialized home countries but becaus e of the disparity in salaries and high exchange rates, they may appear comparatively rich when in a scant(p)er country like Kenya. They would therefore tend to spend their specie in sexual activities that they associate with the rich and the famous in their home countries. Chissim has illustrated this in his interview with a German tourist visiting Kenya (Chissim 199618). .Morco state he was in Kenya for a month but within four days, he boasted of already fucking five girls. He said he fucked one girl on the beach but pretended that he had no money, so he got that one for free. Another girl he fucked on the beach for 100/- (about $1) and told her that he had no more money. The others he said he had to pay 200/- (about $3) For some of these tourists, Kenya represents Africa where life is perceived as raw and wild and a place where people are uncontrolled, liberal and polygamous. These reasons partly explain why some European women visit Kenya to look for sex from beach boys young enough to be their grandsons.It is estimated that more than 5% of all European women who visit Kenya go in search of sex, especially those from German, Switzerland and Italy (New York Times Feb. 14, 2002). Many Kenyan communities passing value double-dyed(a)ity. This motivates tourists to have sex with younger girls in the anticipation of having sex with a virgin who may be free from HIV/ aid. Some tourists engage in sex tourism because they may be fleeing from unhappy relationships at home and, perhaps, from women who may tend to question male domination.Male supremacy is perceived as a natural kind of authority in many cultures and world religions. heathenish values defining traditional male sex roles are power, dominance, strength and supremacy, while those defining female roles are submissiveness, weakness, inferiority and passivity. Women are perceived as property of men and sex as exchange of goods, which move on entrenches male supremacy. This notion also teaches men th at females are worthless and less deserving and may be treated as objects of men. The mafia- style drugs and sex industry along the Kenyan coast is another motivating factor for sex tourism.People with a lot of money are capable of bribing their way out of trouble if caught Such people are also responsible for organizing sex services for clients out of doors the country (Sindiga 1999 Chessim 1996). Supply Factors Why Do Sex Workers bear Involved Many times I dont feel anything during sexual encounters. It is because I need money for myself and my children that I keep doing it. I have learned to do motions mechanically in order to satisfy my clients. If I do it well, they will come back and that means more money. (Lin Lean Lim 200074).This Filipino woman quoted by Lin Lean Lim expresses the reason why many women from Third World countries traffic pattern sex tourism and their feelings about sex work. The main reason for sex tourism for many is poverty. Many Kenyan women are econo mically desperate. With the increasing rate of unemployment and high cost of spirit, prostitution is left as the only option for them to earn a living and support their children. Such women migrate to coast with consent of finding white tourists who can pay more for the services or even may end up marrying them.Some girls involved in sex tourism come from broken homes or very poor family backgrounds and are never taken to school to attain formal upbringing. They resolve to sex prostitution as a means of supporting themselves economically. In Kenya, women are generally poorer than men because women have limited access to resources such as land, capital, farm equipments and clownish inputs. Inheritance practices in most Kenyan communities seem to advance men. This means that men can easily have access to other productive resources because they can use land as security to borrow money if needed to purchase other productive resources.This option is normally not available for women. In many Kenyan communities, illiteracy levels in women are higher(prenominal) than those of men. This is because parents give priority to boys education particularly if resources are limited. Along the coast, education is not valued because people from these areas are used to receiving tokens and money from the tourists. Children of school going age therefore prefer to go to beaches in search for tourists who give them tokens in exchange for sex.Other factors affecting education for girls include unwanted pregnancies and the fact that they are forced to early marriages by their parents for economic gains. Kenyan women are discriminated against in most areas of formal employment and more often left with poorly paid jobs or no jobs at all. This makes prostitution an alternative. The HIV/AIDS scourge in Kenya is estimated to claim 500 lives daily departure many orphans. The young children left become heads of the families and may often turn to sex tourism and prostitution as a means of earning a living to support their siblings. Impact of Sex Tourism in KenyaSex tourism can be seen as both a risk and an opportunity. Most women in sex tourism face the risk of material loss because their clients may not pay them for the services (ref. The Marco case). Women are generally helpless against such development and take it as part of their business. Sex workers face the risk of losing their money to thieves and police because they have to bribe their way out if caught as they mostly work at night. Women can sometimes face attacks by dissatisfied customers. These attacks may be in form of rape, cruelty, violence or even murder. Monica Njeri was a 32- twelvemonth old mother of two and a prostitute in Mombasa.She was brutally murdered by Frank Sundstrom a 19 year old regular army navy service man who wanted the kind of sex that Monica could not provide. When he was not satisfied with merely sleeping, he woke up and tried to purloin back the money he had given to her plu s her own money but she woke up and caught him in the act. In ensuing struggle, he broke a beer bottle to make a weapon and repeatedly stabbed her until she died. (Migot- Adhola 198274). Although Sundstrom admitted the offence, his only sentence was to sign a bond of 500/- (equivalent to US$46 at that time) to be of good conduct.Women in sex tourism industry and prostitution are continually opened to sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. Many tourists may not accept to use protection such as condoms because they argue that it interrupts the flow of sex and carrying it may imply that one is promiscuous (Clift and Grabowski 1997). Sex workers are also faced with the danger of susceptibility to anal or cervical cancers, additionally, since many women are forced into sex work, many of them only work under cultivate of drugs and/or alcohol.This may lead to depression or alcohol addiction. Sex tourism has been hellish in Kenyan coast for increasing rate of school drop-ou t, poverty and illiteracy. This is mainly because children of school going age choose not to school but to follow tourists who lure them to sex tourism. However, some women that have risked sex tourism have been able to build better houses and invested in urban businesses. This is largely because recompense from prostitution are often more than those from other alternative employment opportunities open to women.Sex workers contribute to national economy by boosting profits of many transnational hotels and airlines, taxi drivers, brothel owners and many other intermediaries. The Kenyan police, the state, as well as the local and international enterprises are well aware that sex has a market value even though they state that prostitution is immoral (Ryan and Hall 2001). Sex tourism has also contributed to cultural exchange because many sea workers are forced to learn foreign languages so that they can communicate with their clients. There are occasions when these temporary relations hips ave led to marriages hence removing such girls from prostitution. The other positive impact is that health workers are advance to go for regular medical checkups because of the nature of their work, hence paying more attention to their health. Bibliography Awanohara 1975. Protesting the sexual imperialists. Far Eastern Economic Review, 87 (21st March) PP 5-6. Bishop, R. and Robinson, L. S. 1998. Night food market Sexual cultures and the Thai Economic Miracle, London and New York Routledge. Boston Globe Thursday November 23, 1995Cater, E. A 1989 Tourism in less Developed Countries. In narrative of Tourism investigate Vol. 16 No. 4. primordial Bureau of Statistics (CBS), 2001 Economic Survey of Kenya. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), 2002 Economic Survey of Kenya. Chissim F. 1996. An exploratory and Descriptive inquiry on Child Prostitution and Tourism in Kenya. EPAT Report, capital of Kenya. Clift S and Grabowski, 1997 Tourism and Health Risks, Research and Responses. B iddles Ltd, Guilford and Kings Lynn Cohen, E 1988. Tourism and AIDS in Thailand.Annals of Tourism Research, 15 (4), PP 467-86 Cohen, E. 1982. Thai Girls and Farang men The Edge of Ambiguity Annals of tourism Research, 9 (3) PP 403-28 Collins Patricia Hills 2000. The Sexual political sympathies of Black Womanhood. In Disch Estelle(ed). Reconstructing Gender. A multicultural Anthology. Mayfield publishing East Africa Standard September 12, 1995 Enloe, Cynthia (2000) On the Beach Sexism and Tourism in Bananas, Beaches and Bases Making Feminist Sense of the International Politics University of California press (2nd edition) Pp 19-41Enloe, Cynthia 2002. The prostitute, the colonel and the Nationalist, in Enloe, Cynthia Maneuvers The international politics of militarising womens lives London and Los Angeles University of California crushed leather (2nd Edition) pp 19-41 Ennew, J 1986. The sexual exploitation of children. Polity press, Cambridge Fish, M. 1984 Controlling Sex Sales to Tou rists Commenting on Graburn and Cohen. Annals of Tourism Research 11(4) 615-617. Gakahu C. G and Goode B. E 1992. Ecotourism and Sustainable using in Kenya. Wildlife Conservation International.Graburn, N. H 1983. Tourism and prostitution, Annals of Tourism Research, 10437-56 Hall C. M. 1994. Nature and Implications of Sex tourism in South-East Asia in V. H. Kinnaird and D. R. Hall (ed) Tourism A Gender Analysis Chichester, John Wiley PP-142-163 Harrison, David 1992, (ed) Tourism and the slight Developed Countries. Chichester John Wiley and Sons. Jommo, R. B (1987 Indigenous enterprise in Kenyas tourism industry Geneva itineraires etudes du development , Institute Universitaire dEtudes du Development). Lim, Lean Lin 1998. Whither the sex sector?Some policy considerations University of California press, pp 49-108. Migot-Adhola, S. E et al ,1982. Study of Tourism in Kenya with emphasis on the attitudes of the Residents of the Coast. Institute for Development Studies Consultancy Repo rt No. 7, Nairobi University Montgomery Heather 2001. Child Sex Tourism in Thailand In D. Harrison ed. Tourism and the Less Developed World Issues and Case Studies. Pruitt. D. and Lafont S. 1995 For Love and Money woo tourism in Jamaica, Annals of Tourism research 22(2) 419 440. Richter, L.K. 1995. Exploring the political role of gender in tourism research. In W. F. Theobald (ed. ) Global Tourism in the near decade. Oxford Boston Butterworth Heinemann. Ryan Chris and Hall C Michael (2001) Sex Tourism Marginal People and Liminalities Routledge London Ryan Chris (1991) Tourism and Marketing. A symbiotic Relationship? Tourism Management diary pp 101-109. Butterworth Heinenmann Ryan. C. and Rachel Kinder (1996). Sex, tourism and sex tourism fulfilling similar needs? Tourism Management 17(7) 507-518. Elservier Science Ltd .Sindiga Isaac 1999 Tourism and African Development Change and Challenge of Tourism in Kenya. African Study Centre. Leiden The Nertherlands Truong, Thanh-Dam 1983. The dynamics of sex tourism. The case of South-east Asia. Development and change 14, 533-53. Weaver, D. B. 1998 Ecotourism in less developed world. CAB International World Tourism Organisation,1999. Yearbook of Tourism Statistics. WTO, Madrid, Spain. Young, G. 1973. Tourism Blessings or Blight? Harmondsworth, Middlesex Penguin. The Vatican representative to WTO (2003). http//www. cathnews. com/news/304/43. phpSex TourismGender and the Economy of Sex Tourism In Kenyas Coast Province Introduction Sex tourism requires Third World women to be economically desperate enough to enter into prostitution once they do so, it becomes difficult to leave. The other side of the equation requires men from affluent societies to imagine that African women are more available and submissive than women in their own countries. Finally, the industry depends on alliance between local governments in search of foreign currency and local foreign business willing to invest in sexualized travel (Enloe, 200036). Otherwise known as sex prostitution, sex tourism is tourism for which the main motivation of the trip is to consummate or engage in commercial sexual relations (Graburn 1983 Hall 1991 Ryan and Hall 2001). The number of men and women travelling to Third World countries seeking sex tourism has increased tremendously (Herold et al. 2001). In the past, notorious sex destinations have been mainly the South East Asian countries, today it has spread to other regions of the world including Kenya, Tunisia, South Africa, Brazil and The Gambia (Ryan and Hall 2001, Enloe2002 Chissim 1996).This paper discusses gender and the political economy of sex tourism on the Kenyan Coast, its health and socio- economic impacts. International Tourism and Sex Tourism in Kenya Tourists visit Kenya because of several reasons including its beautiful landscape, wildlife safari, the humid climatic conditions along the Kenyan Coast and the beautiful Coastal beaches. International tourist arrivals in Kenya have bee n increasing tremendously from 69 million in 1960 to 160 million in 1970, 458 million in 1990, and 625 million in 1998 (WTO, 1999).This increase has led to massive increase in sex tourism, a condition evidenced by inclusion of Kenya among the worlds leading sex tourism destinations (Vatican 2003 Boston Globe 1995 East African Standard 1995 and Chessim 1996). Although not officially stated, a good percentage of foreign tourists who visit Kenya often indulge in sex tourism during their trip (Chissam 1996 Sindiga 1999). These tourists mainly come from Germany, the UK, Switzerland, Italy and France. Others are from North America, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and European countries such as Spain and Sweden.Many of these countries have been generating sex tourists to some of the worlds renowned sex tourism destinations such as Thailand (Ryan and Hall 2001). Hence we can conclude that they are likely to engage in the same activity while in Kenya. Kenya is a developing country with agricul ture contributing 24. 0% of GDP. Overall, Kenyas economic performance has been declining since early 1990s. The countrys per capita is about US$ 260 and more than 70% of Kenyan population currently lives below the poverty line the worst hit are women (CBS 2001). The Economics of Tourism and Sex IndustryThe main economic activity in Kenya at independence in 1963 was Agriculture whereby the country relied on cash crop exports. After independence, the government tried to diversify the economy by implementing an open door economic policy to attract foreign investment. However, the limitations of agricultural and manufacturing sectors coupled with the appreciation of employment potential forced Kenyan government to turn to tourism as a central industry. Since 1987, tourism industry has been the leading foreign exchange earner, (CBS 2001) surpassing the traditional export crops of coffee and tea (Gakuhu1992 Weaver 1998 and CBS 2001).The industry employs about 1. 5 million Kenyans, approxi mately 8% of wage earning labor force (Weaver, 1998 and CBS 1999). In addition, Tourism is linked to many domestic industries and it is a potentially useful tool for generating development in neglected areas. The industry also contributes substantially to government revenues through taxes and import duties. Tourism is therefore officially promoted in Kenya as the main foreign exchange earner, source of employment and general development. Its significance on the Kenyan economy has a lot of bearing on tourism policies including those related to sex tourism.Sex Tourism Market on the Kenyan Coast Sex tourism is believed to be increasing at a high rate in Kenya. This is mainly because of the reality that there is a sex tourism market for female and male tourists. Female tourists, mainly from European countries come to Kenya to meet with local beach boys because they imagine that black men (or men of color) are stronger and more active in bed than men in their home countries. On the other hand, male tourists come to Kenya to meet with black women mainly young girls who are believed to be hot in bed. Child prostitution is also emerging in Kenya involving young boys and girls.This is commonly along the Kenyan coast where many children choose not to go to school but instead go to beaches in search for white men and women from European countries who exploit them sexually. The Kenyan Coast located along the Indian Ocean caters for about 66% of Kenyan tourism activities. Sex tourism is a major activity in Kenyan Coast (Sindiga 1999, Migot-Adhola et al 1982 Bechmann 1985). The Kenya coast as a tourism destination has existed since 1920 attracting mainly the white settlers and colonial government officials who sought holiday excitements.Major tourist attractions at the Kenyan coast include the wildlife, white sandy beaches, sun, sea, sex, scene features, diverse cultures, hospitable people, historical sites, national museums, national parks and reserves near the coast and t ourism facilities of international standard such as hotels and airport. The presence and availability of Britons, Germans, Italians, Americans and others in Mombasa and other coastal towns in search of rest, fun and recreation has been the main factor attracting Kenyan girls and children to get involved in sex tourism (Sindiga 1999 and Chissim 1996).Different Forms of Sex Tourism Sex tourism sometimes involves production of videos featuring nude dancing in which no direct physical contact occurs the tourists engage in voyeurism. There are also casual prostitutes or freelancers who move in and out of prostitution depending on their financial needs. In this case, sex tourism may be regarded as incomplete commercialized and the relationship between sex worker and the client may be ridden with ambiguities (Cohen 1982 Ryan and Hall 2001), particularly if the relationship shifts from an economic to a social base.However, some women entering into sex tourism in Kenya are not financially ne edy but only seeking fun and social class, whereby the community views women seen socializing with white men with high esteem and associate them with wealth and success in life. Some of these women have jobs in noble professions while others are college students. There is also the more formalized form of prostitution where the workers operate through intermediaries. Since sex tourism is illegal in Kenya, prostitutes use entertainment establishments such as night clubs, bars, beaches and other retail outlets to get customers.The other type of sex tourism is that of bonded prostitutes. This is more of slavery because it is enforced by people such as family members through abductions and kidnapping. Motivation Factors Why do Tourists Look for Sex Most tourists tend to behave differently while in the countries they are touring. This is because there is an assurance of anonymity, which releases them from the usual restraints, which determine their behavior in their home countries. Touris m allows people to lose their identity and gives them the freedom to escape realities and live their fantasies.They spend more money, relax more, drink more, eat more and get involved in pleasures they would not at home. Men who would never visit brothels in their home countries will end up doing so in a foreign country where there is negligible chance of detection and penalty. For the same reason, women who would never have sex with boys young enough to be their grand children at their home country would do so in a foreign country. Tourists tend to seek commercial sex services in Kenya because the services are readily available and quite cheap compared to what they would pay for such services in their home countries.Such tourists are able to enjoy lifestyles they could never enjoy in their home countries. Furthermore, some of these tourists may hold menial jobs in their industrialized home countries but because of the disparity in salaries and high exchange rates, they may appear c omparatively rich when in a poorer country like Kenya. They would therefore tend to spend their money in sexual activities that they associate with the rich and the famous in their home countries. Chissim has illustrated this in his interview with a German tourist visiting Kenya (Chissim 199618). .Morco said he was in Kenya for a month but within four days, he boasted of already fucking five girls. He said he fucked one girl on the beach but pretended that he had no money, so he got that one for free. Another girl he fucked on the beach for 100/- (about $1) and told her that he had no more money. The others he said he had to pay 200/- (about $3) For some of these tourists, Kenya represents Africa where life is perceived as raw and wild and a place where people are uncontrolled, liberal and polygamous. These reasons partly explain why some European women visit Kenya to look for sex from beach boys young enough to be their grandsons.It is estimated that more than 5% of all European w omen who visit Kenya go in search of sex, especially those from German, Switzerland and Italy (New York Times Feb. 14, 2002). Many Kenyan communities highly value virginity. This motivates tourists to have sex with younger girls in the anticipation of having sex with a virgin who may be free from HIV/ AIDS. Some tourists engage in sex tourism because they may be fleeing from unhappy relationships at home and, perhaps, from women who may tend to question male domination.Male supremacy is perceived as a natural kind of authority in many cultures and world religions. Cultural values defining traditional male sex roles are power, dominance, strength and supremacy, while those defining female roles are submissiveness, weakness, inferiority and passivity. Women are perceived as property of men and sex as exchange of goods, which further entrenches male supremacy. This notion also teaches men that females are worthless and less deserving and may be treated as objects of men. The mafia- sty le drugs and sex industry along the Kenyan coast is another motivating factor for sex tourism.People with a lot of money are capable of bribing their way out of trouble if caught Such people are also responsible for organizing sex services for clients outside the country (Sindiga 1999 Chessim 1996). Supply Factors Why Do Sex Workers Get Involved Many times I dont feel anything during sexual encounters. It is because I need money for myself and my children that I keep doing it. I have learned to do motions mechanically in order to satisfy my clients. If I do it well, they will come back and that means more money. (Lin Lean Lim 200074).This Filipino woman quoted by Lin Lean Lim expresses the reason why many women from Third World countries practice sex tourism and their feelings about sex work. The main reason for sex tourism for many is poverty. Many Kenyan women are economically desperate. With the increasing rate of unemployment and high cost of living, prostitution is left as the only option for them to earn a living and support their children. Such women migrate to coast with hope of finding white tourists who can pay more for the services or even may end up marrying them.Some girls involved in sex tourism come from broken homes or very poor family backgrounds and are never taken to school to attain formal education. They resolve to sex prostitution as a means of supporting themselves economically. In Kenya, women are generally poorer than men because women have limited access to resources such as land, capital, farm equipments and agricultural inputs. Inheritance practices in most Kenyan communities seem to favor men. This means that men can easily have access to other productive resources because they can use land as security to borrow money if needed to purchase other productive resources.This option is normally not available for women. In many Kenyan communities, illiteracy levels in women are higher than those of men. This is because parents give prio rity to boys education particularly if resources are limited. Along the coast, education is not valued because people from these areas are used to receiving tokens and money from the tourists. Children of school going age therefore prefer to go to beaches in search for tourists who give them tokens in exchange for sex.Other factors affecting education for girls include unwanted pregnancies and the fact that they are forced to early marriages by their parents for economic gains. Kenyan women are discriminated against in most areas of formal employment and more often left with poorly paid jobs or no jobs at all. This makes prostitution an alternative. The HIV/AIDS scourge in Kenya is estimated to claim 500 lives daily leaving many orphans. The young children left become heads of the families and may often turn to sex tourism and prostitution as a means of earning a living to support their siblings. Impact of Sex Tourism in KenyaSex tourism can be seen as both a risk and an opportunity . Most women in sex tourism face the risk of material loss because their clients may not pay them for the services (ref. The Marco case). Women are generally helpless against such exploitation and take it as part of their business. Sex workers face the risk of losing their money to thieves and police because they have to bribe their way out if caught as they mostly work at night. Women can sometimes face attacks by dissatisfied customers. These attacks may be in form of rape, cruelty, violence or even murder. Monica Njeri was a 32- year old mother of two and a prostitute in Mombasa.She was brutally murdered by Frank Sundstrom a 19 year old USA navy service man who wanted the kind of sex that Monica could not provide. When he was not satisfied with merely sleeping, he woke up and tried to steal back the money he had given to her plus her own money but she woke up and caught him in the act. In ensuing struggle, he broke a beer bottle to make a weapon and repeatedly stabbed her until s he died. (Migot- Adhola 198274). Although Sundstrom admitted the offence, his only sentence was to sign a bond of 500/- (equivalent to US$46 at that time) to be of good conduct.Women in sex tourism industry and prostitution are continually exposed to sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. Many tourists may not accept to use protection such as condoms because they argue that it interrupts the flow of sex and carrying it may imply that one is promiscuous (Clift and Grabowski 1997). Sex workers are also faced with the danger of susceptibility to anal or cervical cancers, additionally, since many women are forced into sex work, many of them only work under influence of drugs and/or alcohol.This may lead to depression or alcohol addiction. Sex tourism has been blamed in Kenyan coast for increasing rate of school drop-out, poverty and illiteracy. This is mainly because children of school going age choose not to school but to follow tourists who lure them to sex tourism. Howe ver, some women that have risked sex tourism have been able to build better houses and invested in urban businesses. This is largely because earnings from prostitution are often more than those from other alternative employment opportunities open to women.Sex workers contribute to national economy by boosting profits of many transnational hotels and airlines, taxi drivers, brothel owners and many other intermediaries. The Kenyan police, the state, as well as the local and international enterprises are well aware that sex has a market value even though they proclaim that prostitution is immoral (Ryan and Hall 2001). Sex tourism has also contributed to cultural exchange because many sea workers are forced to learn foreign languages so that they can communicate with their clients. There are occasions when these temporary relationships ave led to marriages hence removing such girls from prostitution. The other positive impact is that health workers are encouraged to go for regular medic al checkups because of the nature of their work, hence paying more attention to their health. Bibliography Awanohara 1975. Protesting the sexual imperialists. Far Eastern Economic Review, 87 (21st March) PP 5-6. Bishop, R. and Robinson, L. S. 1998. Night Market Sexual cultures and the Thai Economic Miracle, London and New York Routledge. Boston Globe Thursday November 23, 1995Cater, E. A 1989 Tourism in less Developed Countries. In Annals of Tourism Research Vol. 16 No. 4. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), 2001 Economic Survey of Kenya. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), 2002 Economic Survey of Kenya. Chissim F. 1996. An exploratory and Descriptive Research on Child Prostitution and Tourism in Kenya. EPAT Report, Nairobi. Clift S and Grabowski, 1997 Tourism and Health Risks, Research and Responses. Biddles Ltd, Guilford and Kings Lynn Cohen, E 1988. Tourism and AIDS in Thailand.Annals of Tourism Research, 15 (4), PP 467-86 Cohen, E. 1982. Thai Girls and Farang men The Edge of Amb iguity Annals of tourism Research, 9 (3) PP 403-28 Collins Patricia Hills 2000. The Sexual Politics of Black Womanhood. In Disch Estelle(ed). Reconstructing Gender. A multicultural Anthology. Mayfield publishing East Africa Standard September 12, 1995 Enloe, Cynthia (2000) On the Beach Sexism and Tourism in Bananas, Beaches and Bases Making Feminist Sense of the International Politics University of California press (2nd edition) Pp 19-41Enloe, Cynthia 2002. The prostitute, the colonel and the Nationalist, in Enloe, Cynthia Maneuvers The international politics of militarising womens lives London and Los Angeles University of California Press (2nd Edition) pp 19-41 Ennew, J 1986. The sexual exploitation of children. Polity press, Cambridge Fish, M. 1984 Controlling Sex Sales to Tourists Commenting on Graburn and Cohen. Annals of Tourism Research 11(4) 615-617. Gakahu C. G and Goode B. E 1992. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development in Kenya. Wildlife Conservation International.Graburn, N. H 1983. Tourism and prostitution, Annals of Tourism Research, 10437-56 Hall C. M. 1994. Nature and Implications of Sex tourism in South-East Asia in V. H. Kinnaird and D. R. 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