Analyse the Factor That Might Inhibit London' s Status as a Essay

Analyse the Factor That Might Inhibit London' s Status as a Pre-eminent Global Financial Centre In the Next Decade - Essay Example The paper starts off by plying a brief illustration on the London’s position as the pre-eminent global financial centre and then moves on to the illumination of the study’s central concern being the menaces that are more likely to affect its ‘pre-eminent’ position. This report makes a cocnlusion that London is undoubtedly one of the most significant financial centres of the world. However, despite its dominating position in the global financial market it confronts with certain threats that can impair its significance among other international cities. London alone accounted for about 37% and 31% income more than the whole UK average for men and women respectively in the year 2002 (LSE, London’s Place In The UK’s economy, 2003). But along with that, London also sustains the highest unemployment level, greatest rich and poor income differences, the ever-rising property costs and insufficient provision of public health and utility services than other countries in the UK region. Apart from that, London’s ability to pull in abounding foreign investments has also led to the disappearance and re-shifting of its domestic firms. All these and the other factors sum up to the concerns and apprehensions that are faced by international b usinesses in London. Its high time the government needs to take considerable actions to curtail the dreadful factors while improving the city’s condition as a favourable financial centre for the whole world. Otherwise, these can greatly hamper the growth of London as a pre-eminent global financial centre.

The Introduction of Belt Conveyor Characteristics Essay Example for Free

The Introduction of Belt Conveyor Characteristics Essay Belt conveyor, also called continuity conveyor, is a kind of machinery transporting materials in a certain line continuously. Its transmission line is generally constant, and able to take horizontal or tilting transmission as well as form space transmission lines. The machine has a great transmission capacity and long distance, which can also achieve some process operations simultaneously. Belt conveyor made by our company has the advantages of large transportation amount, simple structure, convenient maintenance, standard components and so on. It is widely used in mining, metallurgy, coal and other departments in order to transport loose materials and finished products. Based on the transmission process requirements, all kinds of transmission methods are available to meet the needs of different operation lines. This conveyor has the characteristics of the following aspects: (1) nose structural steel frame structure, the main structure of a release channel steel welding processed, the nose section of the large belt conveyors use of higher strength of H-shaped steel welding, angle steel, channel as an auxiliary component. See more: how to start a paragraph Depending on the transport and installation conditions, can be designed as a whole or split modular. (2) the conveyor can be used single-motor drives, can also be used for the dual motor drive to adapt to a variety of transportation tasks and the length of the conveyor. Gear is equipped with a hydraulic coupling, in order to improve the startup performance of the conveyor, and to ensure that tend to balance load distribution in the two-motor drive. 3) the middle part of the steel frame or tube frame structure, a simple structure, transport disassembly and adjustment easy. A longer service life of the middle frame and high recycling rate swaps, to reduce production inputs in the same specification conveyor. (4) H-shaped support of the middle frame brittle can be designed to be adjustable type,to adapt to the conditions of a high degree of fluctuation of the roadway floor, to ensure that the conveyor belt to almost straight, reducing the amount of roadway engineering. 5) The tape tensioning device according to site conditions, set in the machine head, the engine department, or the middle of the Ministry of Depending on the length of the belt conveyor, conveyor and layout needs, you can worm volume simply tensioning device tensioning winches tensioning device or hydraulic tensioning device for the timely adjustment of the tape tension.

School Vouchers The Wrong Choice Essays -- essays papers

School Vouchers: The Wrong Choice Susie is a young girl who lives in Florida. Since kindergarten, she has attended a nearby private school. Her parents willingly pay her tuition, even though doing so forces them to cut other corners. They do not mind these sacrifices, since they know that their daughter is getting the best education they can give her. Jesse lives downtown, in the inner city. She attends the local public school and struggles through her classes. Her mother would like to send her to a private school, where there is less violence and a calmer atmosphere, but cannot afford it. Then, Jesse’s mother learns that a voucher system has put into place for the entire state of Florida. Jesse’s inner city, spray-painted elementary school received a failing status, so she can receive a voucher to attend the school of her choice. With the money she receives from the voucher, Jesse’s mother is able to send her daughter to the same private school that Susie attends. Is it fair that Susie’s parents pinch pennies while Jesse’s mother send her on the bus for free? While meaning well, does the voucher system inadvertently discriminate against children like Susie whose parents must work extra hours to put their children through private school? Is the voucher system really the answer to the problems with American education today, or a way to transfer them somewhere else? American public schools have always had their flaws. In the nineteenth century, colleges complained of under-prepared freshmen; students who could not write an essay or even spell. A main controversy was bilingual education for newly naturalized immigrants. As America entered the early 1900s, the debate turned to the use of entertainment in the classroom. Teachers felt that they must put on a show in order to keep the attention of their pupils. The abandonment of phonics in the 1920s and 30s was believed to be the reason why the job market consisted of those with inadequate educational preparation. Social promotion and the replacement of the â€Å"three R’s† with emotional stability and attitude courses were the causes of concern in the 1940s. The 1950s brought an awareness of low standards. It was found that American children were lagging behind the average standards of the rest of the world. Safety in schools also became an issue; incoming teachers were warned of the â€Å"ph... ...(Roberts, Glenn 23). Instead of taking this money away form the nation’s failing schools, it should be pumped into them and put to work. Education tax dollars should be put to work solving the problems in American schools. The voucher system is an escape out the back door. It simply transfers all of the issues out of the public schools, placing them in the hands of the private community. Bibliography: Works Cited Kaczor, Bill. â€Å"Judge Throws Out Florida Voucher Law.† Tallahassee Democrat, 15 March 2000. Roberts, Nanette M. and Glenn, Charles L. â€Å"School Vouchers: Two Views.† Sojourners (January - February 1998): 22-25. Rothstein, Richard. The Way We Were?: The Myths and Realities of America’s Student Achievement. [Online] Available http://www.tcf.org/publications/education/way.we.were/Foreword.html, May 1, 2000. Tyack, David. â€Å"Choice Options: School Choice, Yes - But What Kind?† The American Prospect Online, January - February 1999, 42. [Online] Available http://www.propect.org/archives/42/42tyack.html, May 1, 2000. Whitmire, Richard. â€Å"Milwaukee Voucher study Says Public Schools Not Harmed.† Gannett News Service, 3 February 2000.

Food Warning Labels

Warning Labels Sergio Mansilla Devry University People know what are they exactly they are eating? No because there is no warning labels in the food packages. Same may oppose my position. To argue that warning labels are necessary for fast food. It would cause consumers to think twice before they decide to eat fast food. However, my research has says warning labels should be on food and help people understands what they are eating. â€Å"Americans continue to face many challenges as they debater these important issues and aim to make the food supply as safe as possible†.Warning labels should be including in food packages because they will help people take control of what they consume and food industries will have to provide healthier options. People will become more aware of what they are eating if there are labels on food packages. It would help them be more involved in what they eat. And with food labels they will be more educate know more about the facts on the nutrition la bel. In this book by Victoria Sherrow are a published author and an illustrator of children’s books and young adult books.Some of the published credits of Victoria Sherrow include Jonas Salk: Beyond the Microscope (Makers of Modern Science), about food safety (2008) it touches on an issues how important is labeling laws. They say that currents laws give food product companies too much give discretion, in terms that what they are list and how they are listing it. One contentious area is involves labeling genetically modified the GM foods. Publication of the FDA stated that labeling is required for information that is material, to avoid false misleading statements (Sherrow 2008).This means that the food labeling is required for most prepared foods, such as breads, cereals, canned and frozen foods, snacks, desserts, drinks. Nutrition labeling for raw produce fruits and vegetables, fish is voluntary. We refer to these products as conventional foods. Because nutrition labeling in accordance with be provided upon request for any restaurant food or meal for which a nutrient content claim a health claim and permitted by a regulation in is made, except that information on the nutrient amounts.Those are the basis for the claim determined by nutrient databases, cookbooks or by other reasonable bases that provide assurance that the food, meal meets the nutrient requirements for the claim. Because nutrition labeling may be in various forms including those provided in other reasonable means. My opposition may argue† It would be enormously impractical to label every genetically modified new crop and would falsely imply a difference in foods’ safety† (Sherrow 2008 p. 86).While seems reasonable I argue that show food label product will help people to be healthier and not risk their own life of getting sick and not getting dangerous diseases. Without labels there is no need for industries create healthier food for people if they aren’t aware of what they are eating. It will lead to diseases don’t know what they are eating there plate. In this article by Marion Nestle she is the Paulette Goddard professor of nutrition, food studies, and public health at New York University.She is author of food politics and with Malden Nesheim why calories count: From science to politics, which will be published in March. Nestle spoke to Nutrion Action’s Bonnie Liebman from New York (Nestle 2011 p. 10-11) touches on the legal issues of how the food industry influence what we eat. The food industry tries to influence us what to eat, but company lobbyists meet with officials in the federal agencies to make sure that the government does not say that people should be eating less of their food products (Nestle 2011).The food environment wants us to eat unhealthy food, they controls the kinds of food are the intakes are better at getting people to eat more and not less. But they are also designed to make sure that you are not starvi ng at all and that your brain has fuel and your body has energy all the time. Local and organic and seasonal foods are important because they give consumers a choice of you to represents an â€Å"explicit critique â€Å"of the existing food system. The mainstream companies are buying organic food companies.Some of which sell organic, healthy sounding chips, cookies, sodas, but they are still sailing some other unhealthy junk food we eat. But also there not enough food to give to everyone in world but if everyone purchase a little more of organic food from farmers markets it would make a huge differences. Right now only a small fraction of the population is buying more organic foods with labels, also fraction are growing and the food industry needs growth for us to eat healthier. Adding a Nutrition information panel will guide buyers to choose healthier products to help eople avoid unhealthy diets. The food industry influences nutrition and health. In negative or positive way that depending if it has a food label Nestle Marion ascertains food producers and manufactures of dietary supplements convinced the public, and congress that their products did not need to be regulated by the a Food and the Drug Administration. Also questionable effects of â€Å"fortifying foods† considered junk food is that practice that promotes unhealthy eating more negative affect of the food industry are also examined. Children are also a prime target for food industry.The producers know exactly what is going on with our food products and manufactures because they have seen it in person when pursues the food products. It the food companies should be involved in food and nutrition by putting labels on food packages. The professionals in marketing campaigns show encouraging by hiring experts’ consultants giving them research grants, providing support of food products and manufactures to emphasize the benefits or minimize of the potentially adverse effects of their produc ts. They show you how dairy industries that took issue with the depiction on a healthy diet .It should base on the plants foods and the limit of the amount of meat and dairy foods, are exposed. Putting food labels will causes industries to make healthier foods. Peter Shawn Taylor is currently editor at Large of Maclean’s magazine. He earned a Master’s degree in Economics from the University of Alberta in 1989; and was senior analyst for the Alberta Liberal Caucus in the early 1990s under Liberal Leader Laurence Decore says taxation on junk food, warning labels on unhealthy foods is a good idea in order to assist consumers to eat healthy (Taylor 2013 p. 2). Today, it’s recently affecting the demanded new taxes on junk food and grotesque warning labels on pizza boxes, similar to the ones on cigarettes. Consequently, if the information on the nutritional quality of food is not provided to the public, people who consume unhealthy food products could be exposed to he alth risks. What is worse, they could face the difficulty of making the right decisions on choosing food products. The article describes in detail that food taxes can make people make the right choices with the food.As for dark warnings, public-health worries that rising levels of obesity mean Canadian children will live shorter lives than their parents, however, the evidence to support such a claim simply does not exist. There are many people in the world who are dying of junk foods because they are so addicted to the fast food and can’t stop anymore. They are overweight and can’t do anything because they are too fat and then they are increasing their chances of getting diseases which is also risking their own lives. The call to action is to demand food labels on food products.Consumer reports touch on legal issues of labels that tell people where beef comes from could be unhealthy for them. The labels help consumers become more informed of what choice to pick when it comes to food. There is an outbreak that of food contamination in a certain country that could help you avoid those food products. Consumers need evidence that there is maker of product called Pom. That is now required to provide two randomized that controlled human clinical trials to back to disease related claims. And this juice product helps supports claims that helps prevent heart diseases and prostate cancer.That why this company appealing the decision of putting a labels this product for all the people that buys this juice product is good and health help you in getting any kind of diseases or some other sickness. Food labels will help us design a healthy diet . With all the information that I have collected about food labeling, all of them had negative thoughts about the legal standard terms. In conclusion, the newly resolved problem with the food labeling standard terms need to get more recognition because in the future consumers won’t have to fight any more for infor mation to help them choose the foods they want and eat in a healthy diet.Food labels contain vital information, not misleading or untrue. References Nestle, M. (2011, October). Buy Me! How the food industry influences what we eat. NutritionAction Health Letter, pp. 10-11. Reports, C. (2013, April 4). Where does your food come from? p6. Sherrow, V. (2008) Food Safety (Point/ Counterpoint). New York: Chelsea House. Taylor, P. S. (2013, 1 April). You can’t tax yourself thin. Canadian Business, pp. 22-22.

Walmart vs Target

I decided to research the competing stores of Walmart and Target. Sam Walton opened his first store in Arkansas in 1962. His visions included helping customers and communities save money and live better. Walmart was considered the nation’s top retailer by the 90’s and enjoyed its first $100 billion sales year by 1997. In the New Millennium, â€Å"Walmart made a major commitment to environmental sustainability, announcing goals to create zero waste, use only renewable energy and sell products that sustain people and the environment. (www. walmart.com)† â€Å"In 2010, Walmart launched a global commitment to sustainable agriculture, aiming to strengthen local farmers and economies, while providing customers access to affordable, high-quality food. (www. walmart. com)† Walmart celebrated their 50th anniversary in 2012 and currently employs over 2. 2 million associates worldwide and serves 200 million customers each week at more than 10,000 stores in 27 countri es. According to the Walmart website, their core beliefs are service to our customers, respect for the individual, and strive for excellence and to act with integrity.After some research, it appears that the organizational culture of Walmart is still subject to an authoritarian culture. Authoritarian means favoring complete obedience or subjection to authority as opposed to individual freedom. The culture is viewed this way after multiple lawsuits against Walmart from their employees regarding wages, work hours, and advancement opportunities. There are many female employees of Walmart that would like to be eligible for promotions to management, however Walmart has made it difficult for women to take those positions.They have created the management structure in a way that most women are simply unable to accept. They do this by making relocation a fixed policy for management positions. The Target Corporation began its history in 1902 in Minneapolis. In 1962 â€Å"Target† and be gan to campaign with the classic Bullseye logo. The reasoning was, â€Å"As a marksman's goal is to hit the center bulls-eye, the new store would do much the same in terms of retail goods, services, commitment to the community, price, value and overall experience.(https://corporate. target. com/about/history/Target-through-the-years)† The Target Corporation appears to be continuing to have a history of giving and service. This commitment began in 1946. They strive to enhance the futures of their team members, communities and the world as a whole. â€Å"Supporting communities through giving has always been a cornerstone of our business and a belief that guides so many of our decisions. Each year, we’ve given 5 percent of our profit to communities, which add up to more than $4 million each week.We also believe that donating our time, talent and resources is equally important as the income we give. † They also try to meet corporate responsibility goals in the areas of education, environment, team member well-being and volunteerism Target also announced their goal to give $1 billion for education by the end of 2015. In addition, Target’s giving program has reached $4 million a week to local communities. This money goes to communities to fight hunger, aid disaster preparedness and relief efforts, support the arts and put more kids on the path to graduation.It has also been claimed to be a great place to work. They also provide resources, services and benefit programs for eligible employees and their families. They are also many career development and networking opportunities. Target expresses its core values by continuing to make their contributions yearly with their giving program. That appears to be the norm for Target and its employees. Even the employees volunteer their time in many of Target’s community events.The culture of Target seems to be positive compared to the discrimination issues of Walmart. After all of this resear ch, I would definitely prefer to be working for Target because of their commitments to education and local communities. I have always felt the need to be involved in things of that nature and that would give me the push I needed. Work is work and there are days where we just don’t like our jobs but giving back can always help us feel better about what we’re doing.

Comparing jefferson and hamilton essays

Comparing jefferson and hamilton essays Thomas Jeffersons and Alexander Hamiltons visions of America differed greatly. Jefferson wanted the Farmers dream and Hamilton wanted the Merchants dream. Both thought their dreams would secure happiness and peoples natural rights. Jefferson was very well informed about John Locks Enlightenment theory and was a firm believer in natural rights and the pursuit of happiness. Jeffersons vision of America was the agrarian life. He visioned smaller communities that worked together for a better life. Jeffersons philosophy was based on social change. Jeffersons vision of America looked a lot like the Southern way of life. The South was know for farming and farming was apart of Jeffersons vision. The South also favored a weak central government; Jefferson wanted a weak federal government. Jefferson had an innate distrust of political authority and he believed that a stable government came from private happiness. Hamiltons vision of America was the rich-mans life. Hamilton believed heavily in big business and in big government. Hamilton wanted America to have a capitalist economy, where only money matters. Commercialism and big business is what Hamilton thought happiness would come from. A big government provides stability and order which leads to public strength and security. Hamilton also believed in social control, this differs from Jefferson who believed in social change. Hamiltons vision of America s much like the Norths economy and Jeffersons vision is much like the Souths economy. Of course Hamiltons vision is what prevailed. The reason why is because big business is ruthless and for many of the same reasons the North won the Civil War. Both visions are very American, both deal with the pursuit of happiness. In Hamiltons vision the merchant is happy and in Jeffersons vision the farmer ...

Biography of Francis R. (Dick) Scobee

Biography of Francis R. (Dick) Scobee Since the Space Age began, astronauts have risked their lives to further the exploration of space. Among these heroes is the late astronaut Francis Richard Dick Scobee, killed when the space shuttle Challenger exploded on January 28, 1986. born on May 19, 1939. He grew up fascinated by airplanes, so after graduating from Auburn High School (Auburn, WA) in 1957, he joined the Air Force. He also attended night school and acquired two years of college credit. This led to his selection for the Airmans Education and Commissioning Program. He received his bachelor of science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Arizona in 1965. Continuing his Air Force career, Scobee received his wings in 1966 and went on to several assignments, including a combat tour in Vietnam, where he received the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal. Flying Higher He next attended the USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in California. Scobee logged more than 6,000 hours in 45 types of aircraft, including the Boeing 747, the X-24B, the transonic aircraft technology (TACT) F-111 and the C-5. Dick was quoted  as saying, When you find something you really like to do, and youre willing to risk the consequences of that, you really probably out to go do it. So, when he had the opportunity to apply for a position with NASAs astronaut corps, he jumped at it. He was selected in January 1978, and completed his training and evaluation period in August, 1979. Besides his duties as an astronaut, Mr. Scobee was an Instructor Pilot on the NASA/Boeing 747 shuttle carrier airplane. Beyond the Sky Scobee first flew into space as pilot of the space shuttle Challenger during STS-41C on April 6, 1984. Crew members included spacecraft commander Captain Robert L. Crippen, and three mission specialists, Mr. Terry J. Hart, Dr. G. D. Pinky Nelson, and Dr. J. D. A. Ox van Hoften. During this mission, the crew successfully deployed the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), retrieved the ailing Solar Maximum Satellite, repaired the orbiting Challenger on board, and replaced it in orbit using the robot arm called the Remote Manipulator System (RMS), among other tasks. Mission duration was 7 days before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on April 13, 1984. That year, NASA honored him with the Space Flight medal and two Distinguished Service awards. Scobees Final Flight The next mission was as spacecraft commander of   the shuttle mission STS-51L, also aboard the space shuttle Challenger. That mission launched on January 28, 1986. The crew included the pilot, Commander M. J. Smith (USN) (pilot), three mission specialists, Dr. R. E. McNair, Lieutenant Colonel E. S. Onizuka (USAF),and Dr. J. A. Resnik, as well as two civilian payload specialists, Mr. G. B. Jarvis and Mrs. S. C. McAuliffe. One thing made this mission unique. It was scheduled to be the first flight of a new program called TISP, the Teacher In Space Program. The Challenger crew included mission specialist  Sharon Christa McAuliffe, the first teacher to fly in space. The mission itself was delayed due to bad weather and other issues.     Liftoff was initially scheduled at 3:43 p.m. EST on January 22, 1986. It slipped to the  23rd, then to January 24th, due to delays in mission 61-C, and then to January 25th because of bad weather at transoceanic abort landing (TAL) site in Dakar, Senegal.   The next launch date was January 27th, but another technical glitch delayed that one, too.   The ​space shuttle  Challenger finally lifted off at 11:38:00 a.m. EST.  Dick Scobee died along with his crew when the shuttle exploded 73 seconds into the mission, the first of two shuttle disasters. He was survived by his wife, June Scobee, and their children, Kathie Scobee Fulgham and Richard Scobee. He was later  inducted into the Astronaut Hall of Fame. Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Critical Essay on The Glass Menagerie

Critical Essay on The Glass Menagerie Critical Essay on The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams’ play The Glass Menagerie is about undergoing the transition from childhood to adulthood and the decision to leave home and become independent. The decision is made with the understanding of the difference between reality as well as illusion. Tom makes the decision to leave home, aware that there are things in life he can control and others which are beyond his control. This story revolves around persons who are not aware of themselves or their true identity. Paul tries to encourage his family members to be more aware of their true selves. People tend to run away from reality and create illusions that they believe in. These illusions blind them, encouraging them to live in a dream world. So many people live this kind of life, and by the time they become aware of reality, they are too late or unable to revert to their true selves. A major them in Williams’ The Glass Menagerie is that people live a dream life by making any effort to understand their potentials and capabilities. Throughout the play, the characters try to create illusions because they find reality very painful. This makes the characters believe too much in their illusions, which results in them being accepted by their society in a way that they should not be accepted. Believing in illusions is a psychological problem because these people are no longer in control of their senses. Illusions cause, people to become more of dreamers and this can affect their relationship with the family members who perceived life from a different perspective. A dreamer is unlikely to agree on many issues with a person who bases his life on reality. A dreamer will always remain a dreamer, and his or her ideas are unlikely to produce anything important. It is not good to encourage people to live in a dream world because this affects their social, economic, and civic responsibilities. It is important to take life seriously by doing what is realistic. An individual can begin by identifying realistic goals and a doable plan to achieve those goals. When dreamers make up the majority in a society, then many important issues are likely not to be addressed because no one will take such issues seriously. Society always encourages its members to take responsibility for themselves and those around them to some extent. Parents encourage their children to be courageous in life by facing reality. These are the core principles that shape the community and make it a good place to live. Illusions, thus, are not part of a society. Those who are perceived as dreamers often find themselves as social outcasts. This is why Williams’ play The Glass Menagerie is considered so important. It shows how life can be wasted by living in a dream. Tips on Writing a Critical Essay: People often think that being critical means being negative. That is not so. When writing a critical essay on anything, one examines the strong and the weak points in a work and discusses those points in reference to some aspect of the work. In the case of a story, for example, the reader might identify a major idea that the story is expressing and then analyze how well the writer did in presenting and supporting that idea throughout the story. Regardless of what kind of essay you are writing, be certain to begin with a thesis statement. Gather your evidence from the story you are critiquing. Then, refrain from presenting that evidence according to the order in which it occurs in the story. Remember, you are not retelling the story. Instead, organize your arguments in the order that makes sense for your paper and draw on the evidence as needed to support your arguments. Welcome to our custom essay writing service to get professional essay help from academic experts. guarantees high quality and plagiarism-free in our papers!

Organizing an Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Organizing an - Essay Example Development, in this case, means the presentation of ideas. Grammar, word choice, vocabulary, and tone of voice dictate how an idea is presented. The effects of a poorly presented idea are irreparable. The development of writing skills can be broken down into four elements. The most important element that dictates a successful piece of writing is the composition of ideas. In the first essay, ideas were mixed up. There was neither flow nor fluency, though the idea was visible. I learned that the reader has to understand the idea through the writing. In addition, it was made clear to me by my instructor that whatever is in the mind during writing is only visible to the writer. Therefore, the writer has to bring out whatever is in the mind in a succinct manner for it to be visible to the reader. Sufficient progress was visible after I learned how to organize ideas in a way that the reader could understand whatever was in my mind. Firstly, I learned how to understand the context of the issue at hand. After understanding the context, the second step was to brainstorm the relevant ideas to come-up with a comprehensive arrangement of ideas. Information ought to be arranged in an order that makes the reader interested in reading the entire piece. Much progress was made in this section. I learned how to arrange an essay beginning with the thesis statement to notify the reader on the context of the piece. Good grades were sufficient evidence that the instructor was content with the essays from how well I presented the thesis statement. In addition, it was evident that a well-structured conclusion gave the instructor an idea of my opinion about the issue at hand. Therefore, significant progress was made on how to organize writing to represent my mind successfully. Paraphrasing was the main element of writing achieved.

Evaluate one aspect of care that you have experienced during the Essay

Evaluate one aspect of care that you have experienced during the course that has changed since you left Nursing Practice in 1999. The practice of urinary cathet - Essay Example Urinary tract infection related to the use of urinary catheter is often associated with the increase rate of morbidity, mortality, and length of hospital stay. (Tal et al., 2005) Therefore, it is necessary for health care professionals to continuously improve the hospice and palliative care. To enable the readers to fully understand the subject matter, a list of related definition of words will be provided followed by discussing the main purpose of urinary catheterization and evaluating the impact of using urinary catheter on terminally ill patients who are admitted in a hospice environment. As part of evaluating the practice of using urinary catheter on terminally ill patients, a literature review will be gathered to examine the health benefits of using urinary catheter in terms of promoting dignity and comfort on terminally ill patients. Contrary to the health benefits of using the practice of catheterization, the associated risks of infection and ways to prevent infection among the patients will be thoroughly discussed prior to conclusion. Hospice Care – special care given to terminally ill patients which aims to improve the quality of life by relieving their pain and other symptoms during the last few days in a person’s life. (Avert, 2009a) Overactive bladder (OAB) – â€Å"a form of urinary incontinence in which sudden, involuntary contractions of the muscle surrounding the bladder produce an urgent need to urinate – often so sudden that the person with the condition is unable to make it to the bathroom in time (a condition known as urge incontinence)† (UCLA, 2009). There are a lot of urinary problems which normally occurs when a person reaches the old age. In some cases, illnesses and physical injuries may also contribute to urinary problems. In general, â€Å"the human organs, tubes, muscles, and nerves function together in

Pros and Cons of Legalizing Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pros and Cons of Legalizing Drugs - Essay Example The government starts experiencing constraints in sustaining its citizens and therefore is forced to result to heavy borrowing from other nations, non-governmental organizations, World Bank among other financial institutions. The resulting effect is a huge deficit in the balance of payments, which in turn leads to bad debts (Parks 2009). b) High costs incurred- The costs incurred by the government in following up and arresting drug traffickers are high. It involves the use of machines like vehicles and detectors, to track the criminals and this means expenditure has to be incurred. When these criminals have been arrested and prosecuted, they have to be retained in the cells and provided with the basic needs. If any of them falls sick, they have to be taken to the hospital by the government and it settles their medical bills. This all are extra costs incurred which should have otherwise been saved (Bean 2010). Many nations find it unreasonable nowadays to arrest and prosecute drug offenders as that is not helping in any way to reduce the vice and hence the urge to legalize drugs. The graph below compares the total number of people jailed for drug abusing in U.S.A and the total number of people arrested and jailed by the European Union for all offenses:Medical expenditure by the government increases since many fall vic tims of drug abuse. Many of them become addicted to the drugs to a point whereby they cannot do without them, and this means rehabilitation is the only solution to save their lives. The sensitization programs that the government may decide to organize to enlighten the people on the effects of drug abuse and ways of avoiding drug abuse are very costly. c) Increased mortality rate- Due to drug legalization, many drivers will be under the influence of drugs when driving. This increases road accidents hence leading to loss of lives of many civilians and traffic jams in the roads. In addition, since it is legal to use drugs, many people will result to abusing them. Drug abuse may lead to death of the victim at the end because the drugs have their side effects on human health. For example, many people have been abusing pharmaceutical products that are legal and this has resulted in the death of the individuals. These deaths reduce the population of a country, which should have provided the country with enough labor force to maximize output thus profits (Parks 2009). d) Increased war with other nations and terrorism- Many terrorists do abuse drugs so that they can stimulate their bodies for the plans ahead. Many of these drugs affect the reasoning capacity of an individual and

Social Networking Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Networking - Research Proposal Example The synergy of the quantitative and qualitative approaches in the mixed method approach was necessary to address the research problem in its totality. The fact that the entire sample would be coming from the same university also ensured consistency in the measurement of one of the variables, which was the respondents' academic standing. This variable relates to the effects of the use of social networking on students. The study used the nonprobability sampling technique since it would not be practical and feasible to do scientific random sampling (Trochim, 2006) from the entire student population of the University of Chester's Warrington campus given the scope and limitations of the study. From among the nonprobability sampling techniques, purposive sampling (Trochim, 2006) was used, targeting undergraduate students of the university. This enabled the researcher to have quick access to the target sample since undergraduates make up the majority of the student population. Under purposive sampling, nonproportional quota sampling (Trochim, 2006) was then used to ensure that male a... Under purposive sampling, nonproportional quota sampling (Trochim, 2006) was then used to ensure that male and female students were represented, although not necessarily according to their actual distribution in the target population. Since the distribution of male and female students in general is not a fixed proportion in all schools, proportion was not deemed to be a relevant factor and representation of both genders was ensured instead. Of the 50 respondents for the study, the target was to have no less than 20 male students and no less than 20 female students. The respondents were then chosen from among volunteers who fit the criteria, on a first-come-first-serve basis, ensuring that the minimum number of male and female students was met. Discussion of Variables Quantitative variables (Quantitative data analysis, n.d.) covered by the study are the age of the respondents, number of male and female respondents, number of respondents who participate in social networking, the number of social networking sites joined by the respondent, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent on social networking sites, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent online, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent in recreational activities outside social networking sites, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent in class, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent studying outside class and the quality point average (QPA) of the respondent in the previous term. The QPA of the respondent for the previous term is the closest most accurate measure possible for the respondent's academic standing. This measure was meant to be used to correlate the effect of the respondent's level of participation in social

Investment and Fund Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Investment and Fund Management - Essay Example The current difficulty that the members of Fortunes are facing now is regarding the portfolio of pension provision. According to the current provisions, the members will be paid lump sum based upon individual contributions. But a careful analysis of the pension fund portfolio reveals that it was built up in an undisciplined manner. Hence, the current portfolio is considered inappropriate since the global markets are facing downturns. The objective of the study is to carefully analyse the current portfolio and recommend suitable adjustments so that Fortunes Inc. can meets its pension provision in the coming years. Analysis of Current Portfolio Tottenham Hotspur Fortunes Inc. has bought 2000 ordinary shares of Tottenham Hotspur plc which was founded in 1882 and it owns Tottenham Hotspur FC. It falls under entertainment sector. The total revenue of the company at the end of 2011 was ?261.90 million. The company has experienced a growth rate of over 45% during one year. BAE Systems BAE s ystems plc is multinational British defence aerospace and Security Company. It is the world’s largest defence contractor and third biggest in terms of revenue. It falls under aviation sector. The total revenue at the end of 2012 was ?17.84 billion with net profit over ?1billion. Tesco Tesco plc is a multinational British general merchandise and grocery retailer and is the third largest retailer in the world. It falls under consumer goods sector. The total revenue of the company for the year ending 2012 was over ?65.5 billion with net profit over ?3.9 billion. Whitbread Whitbread plc operates in hotels and restaurant business. As of 2012, the company has over 619 hotels and over 385 restaurants. The total revenue of the company for the year ending 2012 was GBP 1.9 billion with a net profit of GBP 281 million. Barclays Bank Barclays plc is a leading banking and financial services providing multinational company which is headquartered in London, UK. It is public limited company and is traded as BARC on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). It falls under banking and financial services sector. For the year ending 2012, the company reported total revenue over ?24 billion with bottom line about ?235 million. The company specialises in Investment banking, corporate banking and Wealth banking. Helical Bar Helical Bar plc is a holding company operating in property investments and development. It falls under the realty sector. The company leases or owns land and properties for the purpose of trading and selling. The company booked profits of over GBP 7.65 million from a total revenue over 65.85 million. Cable and Wireless Communication It is a global telecom service provider that offers broadband, mobile, television, and fixed lines to customers. It falls under the entertainment sector. In October 2011 the company has sold its 50% interest to Mauritius based Telecom Company known as Vanuatu ltd. In the year 2012, it sold 49% stake to Fiji and formed an amalgamated ent ity known as Fintel. In April 2013, it announced the sale of majority stake to Monaco & Islands division. For the year ending 2012, the company suffered a net loss of GBP 55.49 million. Flybe Group It is UK based domestic airline company and it falls under aviation sector. As on 2012, the company reported to own 19 aircrafts but it suffered a net loss of GBP 22.30 million. Lazard UK Alpha Retail Inc Fund The fund does not charge any initial fee currently

Social Networking Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Networking - Research Proposal Example The synergy of the quantitative and qualitative approaches in the mixed method approach was necessary to address the research problem in its totality. The fact that the entire sample would be coming from the same university also ensured consistency in the measurement of one of the variables, which was the respondents' academic standing. This variable relates to the effects of the use of social networking on students. The study used the nonprobability sampling technique since it would not be practical and feasible to do scientific random sampling (Trochim, 2006) from the entire student population of the University of Chester's Warrington campus given the scope and limitations of the study. From among the nonprobability sampling techniques, purposive sampling (Trochim, 2006) was used, targeting undergraduate students of the university. This enabled the researcher to have quick access to the target sample since undergraduates make up the majority of the student population. Under purposive sampling, nonproportional quota sampling (Trochim, 2006) was then used to ensure that male a... Under purposive sampling, nonproportional quota sampling (Trochim, 2006) was then used to ensure that male and female students were represented, although not necessarily according to their actual distribution in the target population. Since the distribution of male and female students in general is not a fixed proportion in all schools, proportion was not deemed to be a relevant factor and representation of both genders was ensured instead. Of the 50 respondents for the study, the target was to have no less than 20 male students and no less than 20 female students. The respondents were then chosen from among volunteers who fit the criteria, on a first-come-first-serve basis, ensuring that the minimum number of male and female students was met. Discussion of Variables Quantitative variables (Quantitative data analysis, n.d.) covered by the study are the age of the respondents, number of male and female respondents, number of respondents who participate in social networking, the number of social networking sites joined by the respondent, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent on social networking sites, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent online, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent in recreational activities outside social networking sites, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent in class, the number of hours per day spent by the respondent studying outside class and the quality point average (QPA) of the respondent in the previous term. The QPA of the respondent for the previous term is the closest most accurate measure possible for the respondent's academic standing. This measure was meant to be used to correlate the effect of the respondent's level of participation in social

The History of the Guidance Movement in the United States Essay

The History of the Guidance Movement in the United States - Essay Example In the United States the history and development of guidance and counseling was influenced by various events and personalities. Before guidance and counseling was formally introduced in the country, the formative years began in the latter half of the 18th century. During this period, there became more humane care for the mentally disturbed and greater awareness in application of treating human behavior. (Myrick, 2003) The formal history of guidance and counseling in the United States dates back to 1908 when Frank Parsons established the Boston Vocational Bureau. The objective of Parsons in establishing such institution was to provide the youth with vocational assistance in school. Because of his contributions, Parsons was named as the father of the guidance movement. According to Blocher, "The Guidance Movement developed from the need to help these early school leavers develop a rational plan with which to begin their careers." (2000) Guidance and counseling in the United States bega n as vocational counseling. The primary objective of counseling during such time was to help students determine their career of choice and future plans. Another influential person in the development of guidance and counseling was Jesse B. Davis.

Stock Valuation Essay Example for Free

Stock Valuation Essay Invesco mortgage a Real-Estate investment trust company is a company that provides adjusted risk, to its customers primarily through dividend payout and secondly through capital appreciation. IVR isn’t the company seeking a favorable positive image in the community. Ivrs sole purpose is to generate profit and distribute it to the shareholder. As a mortgage specialist, Invesco has been well positioned to capitalize on the rebound in home values, rising mortgage volumes and lower delinquency rates. That has analysts looking for full-year earnings of $2 a share this year. With a price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of 8 times, below its peer average of 10, Invesco has value in addition to a serious yield of 13%. Upon further analysis of IVR and the company’s financial statements one can view a hybrid financial culture that some conventional ratio analysis doesn’t lend itself too. For instance generally one major ratio that can identify a company’s current capability to meet all of its financial obligations is the acid ratio test. IVR has an Acid ratio test of 1. 7. A company’s profit before depreciation and amortization to current liabilities indicates the companies’ ability to satisfy its short term obligations, the higher the PDACL ratio the better. PDACL ratio can be calculated by taking the company’s profit before depreciation and amortization divided by the company’s current liabilities. For Ivr this means $339,885 divided by 3,541 = . 95 or 95%. IVR net profit margin is 856% the net profit margin is calculated by taking net income divided by sales then multiplying the answer by 100. The net profit margin is best measured year over year and compared to industry competitors in order to identify a company’s efficiency as compared to other market participators. A recent article appeared in motley fool By (Adnan Khan – June 4, 2013). This article discussed Reit and what the forecast is for the industries market. According to Khan Hybrid business models stand the best chance of succeeding. A pick he viewed favorably is TWO. Yes TWO is truly the companies’ symbol on the exchange. Now let’s talk financials Two has a market capitalization of 1. 6 billion dollars. The current acid ratio for TWO is 1. 27 . Two has a PADCL ratio of 7. 56 percent which is a pretty high margin of safety meaning two could be a safe investment. One significant area of strength for IVR over TWO is the Operating cash flows to current liabilities ratio. Currently TWO has a ratio of . 9%. This ratio illustrates a company’s ability to create a profit off current cash flow and the ability to meet current debt obligations with current cash flows. A low value of OFCL identifies slightly higher risk.

Utilitarian Ethical Analysis of Euthanasia

Utilitarian Ethical Analysis of Euthanasia Ethical Question Should Euthanasia be an option for the terminally ill? Analysis The discussion regarding euthanasia has been made noticeably public all throughout the world (Perm, 2011, p.80). However, recent findings suggest a shift in public policy rely heavily upon the moral and political environment of todays culture (Fratschko, 2016, p.5). Conversely, as religious institutions begin to lose their prominent voice in society, the connotation of what is right and wrong has conventionally been guided in large measure (Fratschko, 2016, p.6). Moreover, upholding ones dignity is a reason made via the notion of avoiding a deprived end to life (Mishara, 2016). Specific dissimilarities show what characterises a respectable way to die. Common degradations may include: Being a burden to others, Living in a deteriorated state, Being incapable of daily activities, and, Depending on intrusive medical apparatuses. However, the public in general often assumes that terminal illnesses, result in a mediocre end to life. This is not the case; it is suggested that the psychological environment determines the quality of life over the nature of the illness (Mishara, 2016). Correspondingly, Margaret Battin (1994, para. 5) accentuated that euthanasia to decrease distress encompasses two main factors: Preventing imminent discomfort and misery, as well as, Preventing current discomfort and misery. Facts Euthanasia is a form of voluntary death. Patients who request for euthanasia do not want to prolong their pain (Aurora, 2014, para. 13). Despite the statistics given by the government, the support for euthanasia has grown throughout the years. In Australia, over 70% would like to see euthanasia be an option, whereas over 12% said no and the remaining people surveyed were unsure (Yamine, 2012, para. 2-3). Statistics highlighted by Emanuel et al. (2012, para. 4), show that roughly 4% of deaths are listed as euthanasia in jurisdictions where it is an option. Although remain relatively rare and involve those who are terminally ill.ÂÂ   Finally, those with loved ones in terminally ill situations will agree that end of life care treatments can be costly and put enormous amounts of pressure on the finances (Aurora, 2014). Gaps in understanding It is argued (Glare and Tobin, 1996, p.1668), that acknowledging the rights of the terminally ill is a good attempt to creating an act permitting euthanasia. Equally, over the past fifty years, numerous public opinion surveys have indicated growing support for euthanasia. However, this approval of euthanasia goes against certain Christian moralities in which have been the barricade in contradiction to the approval of euthanasia (Hamil-Luker and Smith, 1998, p.373). Some treatments may be limited to the relief of pain and distress with the intention of allowing the patient to die a comfortable death. However, this implies that death must be imminent (Glare and Tobin, 1996, p.1669). Palliative care specialist, Ian Maddocks expressed his concerns that if euthanasia were an option, death could be viewed as a quick fix to the suffering that could be relieved with palliative care (Harrison, 2013). Research conducted by Chapple et al. (2006, para. 3) on those nearing death is an important factor to add to the debate. Regarding those who have watched others die are predominantly convinced that euthanasia should be an option, some for multiple reasons including the pain and the anticipation of waiting to die, embarrassment and the loss of control and cerebral impairment (Chapple et al. 2006, para. 3). Positive negative consequences Positive Firstly, we know that utilitarian people believe actions should provideutmost contentment for the highest number of people, whereas the outcome ought to ascertain the ethical worth of the action. Therefore, if euthanasia increases the joy of a person and reduce pain simultaneously, then it is considered ethically correct (JDDN, 2012). People have the right to die. Behind this ideology is that we should have freedom regarding certain decisions. Some people believe we all have the rights to regulate our bodies and therefore should be able to determine when and what time we die (BBC, 2014, para. 2). If you accept act-utilitarianism, then the arguments make perfect sense. One final positive in regards to allowing people to die may free up scarce health resources and be allocated to those who want to live (BBC, 2014, para. 30). Negative Over 30 of Australias top palliative practitioners oppose the introduction of euthanasia as they describe it as unnecessary and unsafe (Vermeer, 2017). Paraphrased by Singer (2003, p.536), Hentoff states that most palliative care specialists admit there are cases wherein pain is not sufficiently alleviated. However, terminal sedation is offered as a replacement, although, some ethicists, do not consider terminal sedation as an equivalent to euthanasia. (Singer, 2003, p. 537). Argued by Doerflinger (Singer, 2003, p. 535). Those who independently reason for euthanasia are not being straightforward. For example, the issue was raised when 86-year-old Edward Brongersma, was euthanised by a doctor because he was old and tired of life. Even though this lead to that doctors conviction and acquittal, a utilitarian should not have an issue with the doctors decision because it was Brongersmas decision to die and that nobody else can decide if Brongersmas life contained more positive or negative experiences (Singer, 2003, p. 536). Finally, the decision may place added pressure on the terminally ill. The main aspects of the argument are that terminally ill patients may be pressured into giving consent when they do not want it; or correspondingly, they will be euthanised without consent because they could be considered a burden or to save money (Singer, 2003, p.538). Conclusion Through act utilitarianism, we can see that euthanasia is certainly an argumentative issue. There are several perspectives regarding Utilitarianism which differ on certain aspects regarding euthanasia. In accordance to act-utilitarianism the right action of all is greater than any other action, therefore each act is judged independently by the act-utilitarianism (Singer, 2003, p. 536). However, gaps in understanding lie mainly lie within the religious side of the issue, believing the right to decide when someone dies belongs to god. In summation, by having a regulated form of euthanasia, it is deduced that the positives outweigh the negatives in regards to the ethics of euthanasia. References Aurora, P 2014, 14 Facts You Never Knew About Euthanasia, viewed 29 March 2017, . Battin, MP 1994, Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide, The Oxford Handbook of Practical Ethics, vol. 1, no. 1, para. 5 BBC 2014, Pro-euthanasia arguments, viewed 24 March 2017, Chapple, A, Zieblan, S, McPherson, A Herxheimer, A 2006, What people close to death say about euthanasia and assisted suicide: a qualitative study , Journal of medical ethics, vol. 32, no. 12, para. 3 Emanuel, EJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen, BD, Urwin, JW Cohen, J 2012, Attitudes and Practices of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide in the United States, Canada, and Europe, Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, vol. 316, no. 1, para. 4 Fratschko, LM 2016, The Euthanasia Debate: International Experience and Canadian Policy Proposals, The University of Western Ontario, viewed 15 March 2017, . Glare, PA Tobin, B 1996, Euthanasia in Australia, The New England journal of medicine, vol. 334, no. 25, pp. 1668 1669. Hamil-Luker, J Smith, C 1998, Religious Authority and Public Opinion on the Right to Die, Sociology of religion, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 373. Harrison, D 2013, Euthanasia should not be a quick fix, The Area News, 26 April, viewed 29 March 2017, . JDDN. 2012, Euthanasia: A Utilitarian Perspective, viewed 30 March 2017, . Mishara, BL. 2016 Euthanasia, viewed 28 March 2017, . Perm, J 2011, Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia, Centre for Creative Leadership, viewed 26 March 2017, . Singer, P 2003, Voluntary euthanasia: a utilitarian perspective, Bioethics, vol. 17, no. 5-6, pp. 535 538 Vermeer, D. 2017, Euthanasia and assisted suicide: unnecessary and unsafe, viewed 29 March 2017, . Yamine, E 2012, Most want euthanasia legalised in Australia, Herald Sun, 19 November, viewed 25 March 2017, .

Essay --

Sumedha Kucherlapati -MS in Information Management Systems-2014 ____________________________________________________________________________________ My earliest memories as a child were playing â€Å"SUDOKU† with my sister and thoroughly enjoying it. As I grew up my love for logical games grew with me. When I started working at Deloitte, I was always applauded for my analytical and problem solving skills. Further due to the professional exposure at Deloitte as Business Technology Analyst, I got acquainted to business to technology transition of real life challenges and requirements. This fascination has progressively transformed into my career goal to be the best blend of technical and functional consultant and I believe that doing a Masters in Information Systems management will help me step closer to my goal. I have always excelled in education and did my entire high school on scholarship. My undergraduate studies in Electronics and Telematics from GNITS, one of the top three private colleges in the state has given me a very substantial knowledge of the basic areas of Computer Science. Courses like Cryptographic algorithms, Network analysis, Wireless Communication Network and Computer Networks helped me learn about Information security, Computer Architecture and gave me an insight into hardware of electronic devices. To complement my theoretical knowledge, I presented a paper on â€Å"Use of Compact Fin-FET memory circuits to increase read, write capability.† This article focused on the results of an independent-gate Fin FET SRAM cell simultaneously enhancing the read data stability and memory integration density. The paper fetched us first prize at a National Level technical fest. I also headed the IEEE, ISTE s... ...lp 275 Special and differently abled children on the ‘National Impact Day' conducted by Deloitte which is the biggest Annual event of the firm. Working at Deloitte has helped me understand that to stand out as a leading consultant it is very important to have business insight along with technical expertise and MISM course structure at your esteemed university would equip me with perfect blend of the same. My experiences assured me that I am on the right path towards my goal and would like to continue pursuing my skills in this direction. I strongly feel that courses like IT Project Management and Consulting Communications in your curriculum would further boost my skill set. I would be honored to be under the unmatched guidance of the eminent professors at Heinz college and am looking forward with great hope to get an opportunity to join your university.

African American Essay

Working with African American men as a counselor its necessary to have a strategic plan to be able to work around there ego. African American men in no way wants to feel belittled or not in control. African American men wants to play the â€Å"head of the household role†. According to this case study I would like to do role playing so both individuals can have a better understanding how the other feel. Majority of the therapy sessions would be role playing with some talk sessions. I would like to play the mediator role in this specific case and give homework assignments to the couple. Given that I don’t see Sue as the issue the session would mostly be geared towards Jeremy. Given the Chinese culture I am more worried about how therapy will work for Jeremy. Chinese culture †¢Small numbers of close, lifelong friends who feel deeply obligated to give each other whatever help might seem required. †¢Relationships with other people involve reciprocal obligations. †¢Avoid direct confrontation, open criticism, and controversial topics. †¢maintain harmony †¢Faith in personal relationships than in written rules and procedures for structuring interactions. Questions I would like to address 1. Prior to marriage how did Jeremy about an interracial child? 2. What has influenced Jeremy thinking on having a child? 3. Why has the dynamics of the relationship changed since Sue parents moved to the same city? 4. Has Sue parents been an influence on their relationship? 5. Has Sue discussed her concerns to Jeremy about their marriage? 6. How was Jeremy and Sur relationship prior to marriage? 7. How does Jeremy family feel about his marriage? 8. Besides the issue with having a child, what other issues is the marriage facing? 9. Jeremy working more hours, is that optional or mandatory? 10. What are some of Jeremy concerns about having a bi-racial child?

Patronage During the Italian Renaissance

Introduction: Imagine being an artist in Florence during the 1400-1500’s. The city would be a lively place bursting with numerous aspiring artists. Of the young men learning their trade as best as possible, most will not achieve centuries of notoriety. The ones that do earn the honor of being remembered today all had a common theme; wealthy patrons, including wealthy individuals, guilds and the church. Throughout the Italian Renaissance, the artists who achieved the most success were the artists who acquired the most notable patrons.Probably the most famous of these patrons were the Medici’s and, like other patrons, they were rich and powerful. The power did not always come directly from running the government, but because they had enough financial influence over the people in the Florentine government they indirectly influenced how the area was run. This influence means they had connections with the most important people of their day, important people who would also cr eate commissions for the artists. Powerful families were not only financially secure, but had excess money to spend on expensive items such as bronze sculptures.For the patrons it was all about showing off what they could afford to other wealthy families. Wealthy families influenced the arts because they wanted to show off, it was politically wise, and they actually appreciated the arts. These reasons lead to a profound impact upon the patron-artist relationship and the art produced during the Italian Renaissance period. Patronage To Flaunt The Medici’s were a highly affluent family and they desired to show off their excess wealth. Basically, they wanted to flaunt their wealth.Once the more expensive things in life, such fancy clothes are bought and a fancy party provided for all the friends, what else is there to do with such an excess of money? Becoming a patron of the arts was not always in association with a love of art, but because the people who could afford it wanted t o show off their wealth and prestige. One of the very best ways to do this was to purchase extravagant and expensive artwork, because it is long lasting and highly visual. One example of prestige is the tabernacle for the Church of the Annunziara in Florence.It was commissioned by Piero d’Medici and the inscription states that the marble alone costs 4000 florins. (Burke, p 98) Another proof this reason for patronage was so common is the statement, â€Å"the majority of the types of commission just referred to were determined by the taste and outlook of the upper middle class. † (Antal, p134) Many other sources assert the same exact thing. Most commissions were done according to the taste of the upper middle class because they were the people competing with one another to have the most extraordinary art.It is easy to invite people over and show the art to them or conveniently place artworks in public places to feature to clients and coworkers. This is a social practice widely used today and was in no way different during the Italian Renaissance. Political Scheming A wealthy person might support the arts based on politic scheming. If the wealth holder is a patron of the arts, then it shows he respects the talents of other men and is willing to support those other men. To quote Machiavelli, â€Å"A prince ought to show himself a lover of ability, giving employment to able men and honoring those who excel in a particular field. (Burke, p99) For someone with political aspirations, living this type of life would prove to political supporters how aware he or she is of other people’s abilities. And when someone supports those abilities as just a regular member of society, that support will likely increase as the person rises in power and wealth. The Medici’s exemplified this by the amount of art they increasingly commissioned as they increased in wealth and climbed their way to control over Florence. An example of political scheming is Bot ticelli’s Adoration of the Magi.It was commissioned by Guasparre di Zanobi del Lama, to be an alter piece for a chapel in the Santa Maria Novella. Traditionally, paintings of the magi are painted to pay religious homage to Christ, and the Magi who travelled to see him. In this particular version, Botticelli paints likenesses of the Medici into the people including depicting Cosimo de’Medici as the Magi kneeling before Jesus. It is believed that the he painted such a powerful family into the painting because of his patron’s desires. Guasparre del Lama wanted the Medici painted as the prominent characters to show his respect for the powerful family.People rarely show such a public display of adoration for a politically powerful family without having personal, underlying political motives. Ultimately, this man used his influence on the arts as a method of getting attention from the Medici family. (â€Å"Analysis: Botticelli’s â€Å"Adoration of the Magiâ⠂¬ Ã¢â‚¬  2010) Positive Patron-Artist Relationships When the artists developed a positive relationship with the patron, it proved highly beneficial for the individual artists. These benefits were primarily financial, including the potential for more work from the same patron.This can be seen many times over, including the example of Raphael with Pope Julius II. If the artist’s work pleased the patron, they would be likely to higher the same artist for more art, which would in turn lead to a stable income for the artist. In order to please the patron, the artist had to follow their specifications. Raphael completed many masterpieces for the Pope, including 3 frescoes in the Vatican. These pieces are proof that in order to please the Pope, Raphael had to incorporate him into the art.One source explained the School of Athens and the Disputa as the earthly and celestial wisdom of Julius II, while the Parnussus shows the beauty of creativity. The Expulsion of Heliodorus from th e Temple symbolizes the expulsion of the French and the subjugation of all the church’s enemies, with Julius II depicted witnessing the scene from his portable throne. In the Uffizi gallery in Florence there is a fresco completed by Raphael, showing the Pope as a resigned, pensive old man instead of a victorious Moses springing to his feet, as Michelangelo portrayed him.What the artist wanted in his paintings was irrelevant compared with the need to please the patron and continue acquiring commissions. (Barnett 2007) Not all artist-patron relationships were entirely business oriented. For proof of this more positive impact, it requires a look at Michelangelo and Lorenzo de’Medici. Unlike Raphael and Pope Julius II, Michelangelo’s relationship with Lorenzo Medici was much deeper. They were as close, if not closer than many fathers and sons.Michelangelo lived with the Medici’s for two years as a teenager because Lorenzo saw his talent and invited him to liv e at the Medici palace and study art while he was there. Lorenzo greatly appreciated his talents and was a constant source of encouragement to the young Michelangelo. There was a tradition in the Medici household, that the most prominent people were allowed to sit down first, and Michelangelo was allowed to sit before Lorenzo’s own son. Michelangelo returned the favor by carving the impressive marble relief, The Battle of the Centaurs for Lorenzo.Because of the bond the two shared, it did not come as a surprise to anyone that he went into a temporary depression upon Lorenzo’s death. Artists developing positive relationships with their patrons that heavily impacted their personal lives as well as their careers were rare for the time, but did occur on occasion and had an extended influence on their entire lives. Networking through Patronage Another major benefit that occurred from pleasing the patron was the networking. When the patron liked an artist, and another wealth y friend wanted to commission a piece of art, they would recommend the artist they liked most.Most often, when the need for an artist was announced, the artists interested would begin pestering the patron. A letter would achieve the pestering if the artist was not currently in the same city. This constant bothering involved the artists convincing their wealthy connections to encourage the patron to select them or reminding the patron of the positives concerning their working relationship. In these cases, the patron would pick the artist based upon their own personal working relationship with the artist.In 1474, news spread in Milan that the Duke wanted a chapel in Pavia to be painted. The duke’s agent is recorded as complaining that all the painters, â€Å"good and bad† were bothering him about becoming the artist for the chapel. (Burke, 101-102) Trouble often arose concerning the contract between the patron and artist over what had to be done, how it was to be done, w hen it would be done and how much it would cost. One well-known example requires looking at Michelangelo’s experiences with Pope Julius II.The strain between the two was constant and caused many complications. In order to get Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel, Julius II had to first convince him to return to Rome. Something Michelangelo did with the assumption that pleasing the Pope would allow him to start working on the tomb again. How they agreed on what exactly was depicted in the Chapel does not have any specific source in the contracts, but most art historians would agree that it was a source of contention initially between the two obstinate men.And as the work progressed, Pope Julius II would show up and create new tension by telling Michelangelo to work faster. Despite the constant struggles, the Sistine Chapel was completed, which is not true for every patron-artist relationship gone south. The relationship between the patron and artist could easily become str ained resulting in frustration, unfinished works and a bad experience. But like the Pope, other wealthy families usually still commissioned paintings and sculptures because they enjoyed owning them. Even if working with an artist could be stressful.Artists would in turn continue to complete works commissioned from frustrating patrons because they provided a continuous livelihood. (King, 2003) Other Patronage Topics Another question brought to mind by the Sistine Chapel is whether great art would exist if the patron was not there to fund the art and to push the artist. Not all patrons were quite as pushy as Pope Julius II, but all patrons had some kind of say in how the paintings and sculptures were created. Proof of this is found in the surviving contracts from this time period.Without these contractual agreements and without the constant bothering from the patrons, many artworks would probably never have been completed. Due to the artist getting distracted by other work or simply n ot being interested in that particular piece anymore. A type of art that has not yet been discussed yet is architecture. Patrons who commissioned buildings were typically guilds or major groups in society, instead of individuals. But these types of patrons also had major influences on the architects. Brunelleschi’s Dome focuses on a major example of how the architects were influential.These guild patrons often helped competitions to decide who got the work instead of just going and picking someone. In the book, Brunelleschi was the main focus, but other people were brought up, such as the people he worked with and competed against. Prestige is the main factor behind competition, and competing against people who are already well known would have been difficult, so for Brunelleschi to compete anyway must have required a high amount of confidence. Especially after the rivalry between Brunelleschi and Ghiberti sparked by the gates of paradise ompetition lead Brunelleschi to focus on architecture instead of goldsmith artwork. Meaning the challenge of capping Santa Maria del Fiore must have appealed to him so greatly; that he did not care whom else he competed against. Its very pleasing that he gets the ultimate victory of the Dome, because that is the main architectural aspect of Florence and the baptistery doors exist in the shadows of his masterpiece. This method of earning a commission fueled rivalries and competition, which added to the competitive nature of art during the Italian Renaissance.This competitive nature in turn created the best work possible from each artist. When recognized for winning a competition, the artist would achieve high levels of fame that could make a career noteworthy. (King, 2000) Conclusion: Those with wealth affect everything because they are the ones with power. Art did not manage to escape that, especially throughout the Italian Renaissance. The motivation for each patron varied from political reasons, to the purpose of per sonal enjoyment, to the desire of flaunting to others.Sometimes their impacts limited the artists, other times they helped the artist become better skilled and more notable. Either way, the relationship between the patrons and the artists heavily influenced the final artistic product. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Burke, Peter. The Italian Renaissance: culture and society in Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. [ 3 ]. Pluribus One Consulting, LLC, â€Å"Analysis: Botticelli’s â€Å"Adoration of the Magi†. † Last modified 2010. Accessed November 16, 2012. ttp://pluribusone. wordpress. com/2010/09 [ 4 ]. Barnett, Peter. iartid, â€Å"Art in History. † Last modified 2007. Accessed November 16, 2012. http://artid. com/members/art_in_history/blog/post/164-famous-patrons-and-their-influence-pope-julius-ii. [ 5 ]. Burke, Peter. The Italian Renaissance : culture and society in Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. [ 6 ]. King, Ross. Michelangelo and the Pope's Ceiling. New York: Walker Publishing Company, Inc. , 2003 [ 7 ]. King, Ross. Brunelleschi's Dome. New York: Penguin Books, 2000.

The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyong

The memoirs of Lady Hyegyong Lady Hyegyong * Wife of the crown prince Sado (1735-1762) * Daughter-in-law of King Yongjo (1724-1776) * Mother of King Chongjo (1776-1800) * The crown princess and mother and grandmother of the kings in the late eighteenth century Korea * Choson women (women in Choson Korea 1392-1910) – three lords: father, husband, and son * Patrilocal marriage * Woman writer The Memoirs * Hanjongnok: Record Written in Silence * A series of autobiographical narratives by Lady Hyegyong * 4 memoirs: 1795, 1801, 1802, 1805 The first 3 memoirs: story of her earlier life and her marriage into the royal family, and championing (in some cases â€Å"defending† her natal family. ) These memoirs are more personal, and overall three hangs a shadow: the fate of her husband, Crown Prince Sado, who was executed in 1762. His reputation after his death threatens the position of her offspring. **The fourth memoir: story of her husband Sado, the most important piece The mem oir of 1795 * Genre: Family injunction The first memoir was written for the benefit of her nephew, in conformity with the tradition of a family elder writing an injunction for the instruction of the younger members of the family, exhorting them to follow in the footsteps of honorable family elders. It contains a most poignant and endearing account of how the author, an innocent child of nine, was suddenly wrenched from her loving home and put in a strange and awesome court. It is also gives an intimate view of the princess's natal home, which was that of an exemplary Korean scholar. Defend the integrity of her natal family, reclaim the honorable family tradition * The unspoken subjects of the first memoir: â€Å"With his exceptional talent and superior scholarship, Prince Sado would surely have achieved greatness. Of its own record, however, illness seeped into his remarkable nature and†¦began to manifest itself in strange symptoms. † 1. Her husband’s insanity 2. Her husband’s execution in the rice chest â€Å"â€Å"On the thirteenth day, Heaven and Earth clashed and the sun and moon turned black.When this calamity happened, how could I desire to live even one second longer! † 3. The loss of her son * Silence The memoir of 1805: breaking the silence * Chronicle the death of her husband at the hands of her father-in-law * Audience: her grandson King Sunjo * Reason: false versions has proliferated. She felt the need to inform her grandson, the new king, the exact truth of the incident â€Å"feeling that my descriptions might cast a blemish on their virtue. But I cannot withhold the truth. † * Genre: writing a history * Seed of Trouble Absence of love and guidance from the father 1. Model child in infancy 2. Live in a separate palace from his parents * Influence of servants * Sado’s interest in the occult and martial games As a heir to the throne, Shado was put under immense pressure to achieve and learn conformity by the stifling educational rituals of the royal family – while, simultaneously, he was neglected by his coldly formal father, Yongjo, to such an extent that even an inside observer like Lady Hyegyong, steeped in the customs of the time, cannot hide her shock in the retelling.â€Å"Let the ruler be a ruler, the subject a subject, the father a father, the son a son. † * Father-son relationship is at the core of tragedy * â€Å"some unknown forces seem to have been driving father and son apart. †¦ What can I attribute this to but Heaven? Oh! Cruelty! † * The coldness between them is beyond her comprehension * Father’s faults? * Favoritism * Not paying attention to his son * Humiliating his son in public * Using Sado to wash away inauspicious events * Sado’s insanity * Clothing Phobia For him to get dressed, I had to have ten, twenty, or even thirty sets of clothes laid out. He would then burn some, supposedly on behalf of some ghost or other. Ev en after this, if he managed to get into a suit of clothes without incident, one had to count it as great luck. If, however, those serving him were to make the slightest error, he would not be able to put his clothes on, no matter how hard he tried. In the process, people were hurt, even killed. † —-Paralyzing terror of being able to live up to the expectations of propriety A serial killer â€Å"When anger grips me, I cannot contain myself. Only after I kill something–a person, perhaps an animal, even a chicken–can I calm down. † â€Å"Why is that so? † â€Å"Because I am deeply hurt. † â€Å"Why are you so hurt? † â€Å"I am sad that your Majesty does not love me and terrified when you criticize me. All this turns to anger. † —- Sado’s madness became such a threat to the royal family that he had to be eliminated * Mother’s choice * Lady Sonhui urged the King to eliminate Sado -â€Å"Sundering her ma ternal love and crushing her parental attachment for the sake of great principle, Lady Sonhui had brought herself to inform his Majesty . † – The duty over private emotion * Father’s side * Political concerns 1. His own problem with legitimacy 2. Factional conflicts 3. Constant threat of rebellion 4. High hopes for his heir * The execution * â€Å"In the royal audience chamber, meanwhile, father and son faced each other. In between them there stood a wooden rice chest (measuring 4ft x 4ft x 4ft, we are told). It was opened, and Yongjo ordered his son to climb inside.Undoubtedly aware of what this meant, Sado did as his father told him. It was then sealed up. Eight days later, he died, still inside it. † * Rationalizing the brutal execution —-Concerns over bodily dismemberment —-Not to give the appearance of criminal execution * Lady Hyegyong’s two traumas On her husband’s execution: * Inevitable and justified * Public duty > private feelings On the king’s decree of making her son an adopted son of the late prince: * Unnecessary and mind-baffling * Private feelings > public duty

The Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan Research Paper

The Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan - Research Paper Example Telecommunication towers fell and a number of landslides followed the incident with hundreds of students and children trapped in their schools. â€Å"Two chemical factories in Shifang were destroyed, spilling 80 tons of toxic liquid ammonia, officials told Chinese state media.† (Hooker and Yardley, 2008, para. 4). Nature showed up its worst against mankind and the country incurred huge losses of life and economy as a result of the act of nature. What remains to be explored is whether nature has been unfriendly towards humanity or there is some personal involvement of humans in bringing about such harshness in the attitude of nature towards it. Nature itself issues warning signs to man before the arrival of disasters. It is man who has been more often than not ignorant. The ignorance shown by man often leads to disastrous consequences. This paper aims at evaluating this statement in relation to a case study of the earthquake of Sinchuan. (Smith, 2008) has described how nature tends to warn mankind of upcoming calamities in his paper titled â€Å"Rumor and the Sichuan Earthquake†. As the name of his report implies, Smith has explained how nature causes animals to exhibit warning signs to humans when they expect an earthquake, yet many of us fail to realize the gravity of the matter and ignore the statements of those who realize the matter considering them rumors. Nature tends to protect its inhabitants through natural processes and animals’ apparent curiosity is one of the wonders of nature meant to help out the humans. Days before the earthquake broke out in Sichuan, animals were noticed to behave in an awkwardly fashion. Animals belonging to various species were seen running away from the city. Referring to the history of cases when mankind has benefited from the predictions of animals, Smith explained how animals helped people evacuate the area when they sensed the earthquake in Liaoning, which broke out on the 4th of February in 1974.

Analysis of The Tribute Money Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of The Tribute Money Painting - Essay Example The artist encodes very little information about what is going on in the story – there is an obvious depiction of Jesus featured prominently in the center, who is surrounded by his apostles (as shown by their halos). But indications of who is very small and very subtle – many of the apostles look very similar to each other. Similarly, there is no obvious indication of exactly what is going on. The architecture and the actions of the people on the margins of the painting tell the story, while the rest is simply a portrait of important people in Christianity. All of this speaks to a highly religious society where the viewer would be expected to be highly literate in the story, where this painting works both as a retelling and reinforcement of a story that the public would already know. The composition of the wardrobes in this painting also give interesting hints about the Italian culture’s understanding of the timing and role of religion in their society. The dress is a mix of different types of clothing – Jesus and the apostles wear what is essentially a Roman toga – yet the person in the front right of the composition wears a clearly Italian tunic, with a tight set of leggings under a lose belted garment. The architecture likewise bears resemblances to both Roman architectures with round arches and renaissance architecture (78). This mixing of contemporary and ancient probably speaks to a variety of things. Firstly, it could simply speak to the Renaissance ideals of harkening back to Rome – the people in the renaissance described themselves as being part of a rebirth of Roman ideology, technology, and culture, and actively rejected and insulted the Middle Ages (3). So this mixing of ancient Rome and modern Italy could be simply a representation of Renaissance sensibilities – as the natural successors to ancient Rome in culture and history, it is natural to mix the two together and represent them as very chronolog ically close. This representation could mean something different, however, if given a religious interpretation.        

Effective Information Dissemination Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Effective Information Dissemination - Assignment Example A simple intranet access management infrastructure that assimilates applications and platforms can generate vital and significant benefits for organisations trying to improve or enhance the use and management of their communication channels and digital identities. As a classic example, the use of a standard set of security protocols and the elimination of redundant identity stores can simplify infrastructure, reduce management efforts, enable single sign on (SSO), and make security auditing easier. Introduction Effective communication and efficient information dissemination are the approaches through which business firms and organisations synchronise their pursuits and accomplish their short- and long-term objectives. Perceptibly, technologies for managing and distributing information have changed over time, but its purpose and meaning required for human organisation have remained considerably coherent and dependable. The initiative to seek for ways to authenticate electronic requests and submissions is merely an attempt to meet the same needs that seals, signature comparison, and notary publics met in the paper world. As it is, the need to secure information on networks is exactly the same need that led to sealing wax and armed guards in previous eras using paper media. However, security requirements are not the only reasons that motivate and drive organisations to manage their information. If the information does not facilitate some further use that provides value, then ther e is no need to secure it. Basically, organisational information carries with it content that leads to action which either means a gain or a loss of resources. Customarily, an organisation strengthens its capacity to organise and direct these resources by dividing among numerous individuals the work necessary to achieve its objective. For the organisation to be effective, activities and its progress must synchronised and highly coordinated. As it is, a vital justification for the distribution and allotment of information within organisations is the conformity and management of these objectives and divergent tasks. Consistency of information is a crucial necessity for successful coordination. It is not a positive development if the existence and location of vital information stays unknown to those who need it, likewise, it is not very helpful and efficient if a team tries to reach and consensus when every member is operating from a different information base that may be conflicting or irreconcilable with the others on the team. It is a fact that data more often than not gets stale that keeping it current is an imperative necessity. At present, most organisational structures and processes have been made sophisticated to solve the problems intrinsic with paper-based information. Information currency and integrity are much simpler problems when the content does not change often, activities being coordinated are not that big or complicated and the information is centrally collected and distributed. However, these are not common characteristics of most businesses today. The distributed environments more commonly found at present need to be able to synchronise information in a distinct and novel way which requires a different set of management structures and processes than most organisations have inherited. Intranet Among the most recent catchphrases

Need for communication in the international sports events Essay

Need for communication in the international sports events - Essay Example The project seeks to present the ways in which communication can be used effectively in the 2012 Olympic Games. As it is one of most awaited and popular events the world would wait eagerly for, it is crucial that a solid communication foundation is created and implemented for connecting the global audience and employees associated with it together. The game is likely to employ numerous temporary staff from all over the world to give effect to the big international event. Thus it is crucial that these staffs are united together through an effective communication system. It is also important that technology is applied for the purpose for enhancing and improving the efficiency of the system. The project presents certain communication strategies which might be employed in the 2012 Olympic Games and their contribution to the overall success of the game. Need for communication in the international sports events The international sports events, such as the Olympics require extensive coordination of activities of its employees. Olympics games employ numerous temporary staff, volunteers from different nations. This requires the implementation of a concrete communication infrastructure to collaborate workings and activities. Moreover it must also be ensured that there are not hurdles or hindrances in the communication process in the system. Also the greatest challenge in such international events is that they employ a huge number of employees.... Thus it is crucial that these staffs are united together through an effective communication system. It is also important that technology is applied for the purpose for enhancing and improving the efficiency of the system. The project presents certain communication strategies which might be employed in the 2012 Olympic Games and their contribution to the overall success of the game. Need for communication in the international sports events The international sports events, such as the Olympics require extensive coordination of activities of its employees. Olympics games employ numerous temporary staff, volunteers from different nations. This requires the implementation of a concrete communication infrastructure to collaborate workings and activities. Moreover it must also be ensured that there are not hurdles or hindrances in the communication process in the system. Also the greatest challenge in such international events is that they employ a huge number of employees. Managing the num erous numbers of people is likely to be problematic and create commotion. In such a condition it is crucial for the organization to employ a systematic and hurdle free communication strategy for smooth communication between the numerous employees employed in the system. The aim of an integrated and specialized communication system is to provide opportunities for the employees for exchanging information with one another in as minimum time as possible. This would consequently eliminate chances of miscommunication in the system which would consequently reduce chances of errors and complications too. Moreover errors leading to extra costs and investments could also be eliminated completely. In this regard, the

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Ethical Dilemma - Essay Example er will analyse such a dilemma in a particular case of Juana, a pregnant lady who refused blood transfusion due to religious beliefs and eventually died. In the light of case, if code of ethics provided by American Nurses Association is analysed, one can clearly see that autonomy and choice of treatment of a patient is given preference (ANA, 2001). Like if a patient refuses blood transfusion even in a critical scenario, the choice of patient would be respected. However in few states like in Illinois, the Supreme Court has intervened to take legal measures to give priority to save a human life (Illinois Supreme Court, 1996). The principles applied to the case are of compassion, justice, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and respect. All the principles commonly state to act upon the patient’s free will to accept treatment which is not in conflict to her/ his beliefs keeping in view that patient is not intentional harmed. Principle of veracity also applies which states that healthcare providers should be truthful to the patients and must allow the patients to make an informed decision (Gardiner, 2003). Analysing the case with a personal perspective, it is though obvious that the nurses followed ethical principles and did not compromise the beliefs of the patient; however the life of patient and fetus had been compromised. The nursing staff had followed the code of ethics given by American Nursing Association which is in conformance with other ethical principles. If the patient had been treated with the blood transfusion, her life could be saved but her regret to live out of her religious morality would ever make her repent. People have emotional associations with their beliefs and values that must be respected. But one can disagree with the decision the patient and her family (husband) as beliefs are only perceptions and they are not more valuable than the human life. It could be possible to take immediate help of a bishop provide guidance in case of severe

Hamidian Era Essay Example for Free

Hamidian Era Essay â€Å"Analyse the Hamidian era from the perspective of either the Balkan or the Anatolian or the Arab provinces, discussing the different ways in which that region was treated by the Ottoman government, and the different ways that region responded†. The Balkan region of the Ottoman Empire had always been a crucial part of it vast domains. The Balkan states can be credited with shortening the lifespan of a troubled empire. More specifically, Albania it can be argued contributed a great deal in bringing about the eventual demise of the Empire. The late British MP Audrey Hebert succinctly stated that, â€Å"In the end, like Samson in the Temple of Gaza, they pulled down the columns of the Ottoman Empire upon their own head. It was the Albanians and not the Serbs or Bulgars or Greeks who defeated the Turks†. It is strange then that not enough research has been done to deeply analyze the Albanian nations’ contributions towards the Ottoman Empire. This essay will look at the Hamedian agenda in relation to the Balkan region, focusing specifically on the Albanian nation. This essay will analyze the Sultans policies vis-a-vis the Albanians to conclude that in the end the Empire lost a once great ally of the Empire due to its detrimental centralizing policies, which attempted to strip away national in a time when nationalism was a central them in the region. The loss of Albania within the Balkans culminated in the Young Turk revolution, which brought an end to the Hamedian era. Sultan Abdul Hamid II is generally remembered as a pious ruler. The Hamedian agenda was multi-faceted. The Sultan sought to unify the Muslims under the banner of Islam to repel outside intruders. He also wanted complete authority in order to centralize his Empire. The Ottoman context at this time was characterized by strong nationalist calls from within the Empire. This sweeping nationalism was inspired by Western Europe and various European states encouraged nationalist movements within the Empire thus further compounding the multitude of political, social and economic problems confronting the Sultan. Sultan Abdul Hamid II attempted to undermine the growing nationalist problem by employing his policies of pan-Islamism. Pan-Islamism gained real momentum only after the signing of a treaty in Berlin in 1878. The treaty was a consequence of the Ottoman defeat against the Russians a year earlier. As a result the Sultan auspiciously suspended the constitution and exiled Ottoman Bureaucrats whose where seen as a threat to the Sultans power. The major outcome of this European headed congress however was that the Empire had lost large parts of the majority Christian Balkan territories. The Sultan then distanced himself from the secular orientated ideas of the preceding Tanzimat era. His policies â€Å"went from being, ostensibly supra-religious during the hey-day of the Tanzimat, to more emphasis being placed on Islam in tone and nuance†. An example of this is his education policy, which put forward school curriculums very Islamic in nature. The Balkans had always been a key economic resource for the Ottoman Empire, owing to its large population, huge fertile lands and well located position inside Europe. The congress’s decision resulted in Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria gaining independence. This greatly hindered the Sultan’s desire for centralization. Without worrying about ruling a large Christian population, the Sultan could now focus exclusively on his Muslim subjects. He did this in two ways. Firstly, the Sultans’ subjects needed to form â€Å"a cohesive new core of identity,† especially since the Muslim population made up over 70% of the Empire. Secondly, Abdul Hamid was not afraid to use his title as Caliph of the Believers to rally support from his subjects to call for jihad against the infidel colonialists. Of course this was part of the pan-Islamic propaganda used so well by the Sultan. In 1877 the Islamic agenda of the Sultan became very apparent. The San Stefano, treaty was forced on the empire after the Russians had defeated the Ottomans in war. The treated stipulated that the majority Albanians lands be given to Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro. The Albanians were ethnically non-Slavic and most of them were Muslims. They were known to be very loyal to the Empire. Some of the best soldiers who served in the Janissary corps came from Albania. Not long after the treaty of San Stefano, prominent figures from Albania came together in response to a congress that they perceived as dangerous to the Albanian national interests. This phase in Albania’s’ history is known as the national awakening. The initial result of this congress was the formation of the â€Å"league of Prezren† on 20 June 1878, lasting until 1881. With a coalition of land-owners, religious scholars and intellectuals, the league had almost 300 members. They came from Kosovva, Yannya, Isscodra, and Monasstir. The league submitted a document consisting of sixteen plans to the Sultan in 1878. At least 47 Albanian representatives signed this document. Article 1 clearly outlined that the Albanians were not against the Empire. Article 2 had clearly stated the Leagues’ loyal stance towards Abdul Hamid. We find the following in article 6: â€Å"In view of the situation in the Balkans, we will not allow any foreign troops to enter our territory. We will not recognize Bulgaria and do not even wish to hear its name mentioned. If Serbia does not agree to give up the regions it has occupied illegally, we will deploy volunteer corps (akindjiler) against it and do our utmost to bring about the return of these regions. We will do the same with Montenegro. † â€Å"It is understood that the Government may not interfere in the affairs of the League. Accordingly, the League will not interfere in the administrative affairs of the Government, unless the latter can be shown to have issued orders involving the use of force. † (Article 14) The formation of the league coupled with the resistance against the decisions of the congress of Berlin contributed in heightening the nationalistic tendencies of the Albanians. The call amongst the Albanians to unify the four populated vilayets into one autonomous province grew louder. However this clearly ran counter to the Sultan’s policy to unite the Empire on an Islamic basis and not a nationalist one, therefore rendering their demands impossible to accept. The Albanians became increasingly disgruntled with the policies of the Empire. However the Sultans endeavour to redefine the Ottoman identity as purely Islamic was â€Å"mainly directed at curbing nascent proto-nationalist acuities of the Ottoman Muslims. † Such a context deemed the ideas of league as harmful to the agenda of Abdul Hamid. The notion of a separate national entity, in this case â€Å"Albanianism’’ was thus actively suppressed by Abdul Hamid. Indeed Albanian nationalism became very pronounced and posed a threat to the Sultan. The idea of a national identity became so popular in Albania, that a traveller from England became astonished to observe that Albanians viewed themselves as Albanians and not as â€Å"Turks or Christians like other minorities in the Empire†. However language became a key hindrance for the Sultans plans. The Albanian language united them. In the wider Balkan context language aided in further agitating the growing nationalistic tendencies within the region. However the use of language as a basis for Albanian unity was not welcome by all. The Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople outlawed the use of the Albanian script in writing. Sticking to the social contours set by the Sultan the Patriarch intended to divide the Albanians on the basis of creed. † Local Orthodox Patriarchs threatened Albanian bishops teaching the language with excommunication. However such attempts were ultimately unsuccessful. The Albanian issue was also expressed in military terms further perplexing the Sultans problems. The Albanians fiercely resisted the points of the aforementioned treaty, which gave away territory to its neighbours, in particular the cessation of Ulcinnj, Plavve and Gusinnje to Montenegro. The Albanians represented by the league were even prepared for what they believed to be an imminent attack by Montenegro and Serbia. The military capabilities of the Albanians were well known to the Sultan. A close confidant to the Sultan and chief secretary of the Empire Tahsin Pasha (1894-1909) describes the Sultans views towards the Albanians. The Albanians occupied first place [in the empire]. Abdul Hamid believed in the bravery and devotion of Albanians. This certainly constituted the foundation of Abdul Hamid’s policies†¦in Rumeli; the Albanians were considered a bastion of Abdul Hamid’s policies† The Sultan was able to use the military might of the Albanian forces. 1879 was the year in which they defeated an army form Montenegro in Gussnye. The Empire would suppo rt or restrain Albanian military activity depending upon its political interests at the time. Albanians generally fitted into the wider Ottoman political plans, and although the league acted as an independent government inside Albania, collecting taxes and administering the region for example, the Sultan largely ignored this due to the Albanian opposition to a complete dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and its territories. However in 1881 when the pan-Islamic policy of the Sultan had reached a new level, the league was seen as a threat and officially dissolved. Many people were exiled to the western peninsula of Asia. Following on from the dismantling of the League of Prezren, Abdul Hamid had always attempted, until his removal in 1909, to use the loyal elements of the Albanians to maintain control of the Balkan region. The former vizier Mehmet assad Sefvett Pasha suggested that the Albanians should be heavily relied on for security in Europe. The general Derrvish Pasha also supported this view. The Sultan was fully aware of the strategic importance the Albanians held within the Empire. The Albanian population was of great size, and well placed in the Balkan region. They were key in defending the Empire from the Balkans. Due to the loyalty and importance the Albanians had to the Sultan, he expanded the role of the Albanians within the Empire. Many were hired as his palace guards, and given a greater chance of participation in the Ciragan Palace (the Ottoman Parliament). They were also appointed to keep the Sheikh-a-Islam safe. Nevertheless Abdul Hamid maintained a feeble hold over population of Albania. Tribal loyalty was a strong force amongst the Albanian people. This loyalty eventually evolved to become expressed through nationalism, a notion that had already swept the region. The Sultans use of pan-Islamism to centralize his Empire, and more specifically to create a loyal defensive Albanian front in Europe became interpreted as an infringement on the Albanian right to self-recognition. The Alabanian language was used to promote national solidarity amongst the Albanian population, something the Sultans at times abstract policies could not deal with. However it is also true that the Albanians shared a common cause with the Sultan. They rejected and resisted foreign encroachment of the Empire and did not wish for its dissolution. The formation of the league of Prezren is evidence for these sentiments. In the end the question of why the Albanians and the Sultan could not work together, even for the short term to solve these shared issues is difficult to answer. However what becomes pretty clear is that the Sultans policy of uniting his empire on the basis of religion was persistently competing with the powerful force of nationalism, and in this case Albanianism. To conclude, nationalist movements, which had engulfed the Balkans— the Serbs, Montenegrins and Greeks — had an impact on the Albanians. The Albanians wanted greater autonomy within the Empire. The Albanians did not necessarily despise the rule of Abdul Hamid or his Empire. They were after all â€Å"loyal subjects for 500 years† and always â€Å"felt secure,† within the Empire. They disagreed with the idea that they could not gain greater autonomy like the rest of the Balkan states around them. Abdul Hamid’s attempt at centralization infringed on the national aspirations of his subjects thus pan-Islamism was antithetical to granting self-government to the different segments of the Ottoman Empire. The Albanians wanted greater autonomy but this clearly ran counter to the Sultans plans of centralization via the medium of pan Islamism. The Sultan lost the support of the Albanians and this paved the way for the committee of union and progress to gain huge support in the Balkans (especially in Macedonia). This eventually led to the dethronement of the Sultan. The Sultans policy failed to confront a tough nationalism, and ultimately became his undoing.