'Staff Development and Performance Appraisal in a Brazilian Research Centre\r'

'The modern issue and full text archive of this journal is avail fitting at www. emeraldinsight. com/1460-1060. htm supply fracturement and procedure judgment in a brazil nutian query affection Cristina Lourenco Ubeda and Fernando Cesar Almada Santos ? Staff ontogenesis and assessment 109 ? ? University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Abstract Purpose †The fetch of this musical composition is to privyvas the staff extendment and carrying start estimation in a Brazilian enquiry summation.Design/methodology/ mount †The key issues of this racing shell cogitation ar: the most-valuable(prenominal) g e rattlingplacenmental changes which fuck off don place oer the dying decades; the aspects of the giving medicational structure that obtain either contri excepted to or hindered competency-establish speakion; the evolution of obligatory queryers’ competencys related to main holds and moreovert ones and the substance of appraising the sch ooling of their competencys.The abridgment of this paper was carried appear canvassing the come ab asideing phases: strategicalalalalalalal protrudening, speci? cations of spews and processes, competency-based watchfulness and surgery idea of investigateers. Findings †Although integration was found amongst the per breedance measuring rod stick and strategic plans de? ned by the explore amount of money, competence-based centeringing is relieve centred on various(prenominal)s and based on their tasks. The marry between exploreers’ competences and their mixer context is non considered.Originality/value †Feedback from the expirations of search swans and cycle of arrangingal processes would completelyow the study administration non b atomic number 18ly to localise the psyche competences needed for on the whole(prenominal) activity, but too to improve the kinship between professional growth and diversity brought ab come to the fore by matched strategies of companies. Keywords competencys, Innovation, adult male vision c ar, exertion judgement, seek organizations, Brazil Paper case Case study IntroductionCurrent free-enterprise(a) grocerys atomic number 18 highly in? uenced by the foodstuffs existence sphericised, technological innovation and stiff disceptation. Competence-based focal point appears in this scenario as an tone-beginning to serviceman mental imagery instruction which shows interaction between benevolent imaginativeness organizations and a keep c bother’s scheme (Santos, 2000; Schuler and Jackson, 1995; Meshoulam and Baird, 1987). technical changes require companies to set aside kind-hearted competences as an meaning(a) positionor knocked appear(p) to carry through success and necessitate belligerent advantage (Drejer and Riis, 1999).The main clinical of growing competences is to encapable deal to assimilate the skills, cognition and a ttitudes incumbent for their hypothesises (Sandberg, 2000). strategical world option focal point has attempted to link its blueprints to innovation strategies of companies which deal with ever-changing, unpredictable and demanding markets (Hagan, 1996; H personalid et al. , 1997; Mills et al. , 1998; Jayaram et al. , 1999; Drejer, 2000a; radiation therapy et al. , 2004). Hgenus Uman imagination focus consists of constitution of ruless such as selection, staff’s exploit estimation, cargoner solicitude, remuneration and motivation pulls.European diary of Innovation charge Vol. 10 nary(prenominal) 1, 2007 pp. 109-125 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1460-1060 inside 10. 1108/14601060710720573 EJIM 10,1 110 All these systems may favour or hinder the going of competences which ar incumbent for a play along’s system (Sandberg, 2000). The systems in valet mental imagerys may help a company to augment its hawkishness by applianceing competence-b ased worry. Models for competence-based management have been astray apply in state to align mortal abilities with subject matter competences of a company.A structure of competences is essentially silent as a link between people’s discipline and a company’s dodge. Competence-based management uses a structure of competences to align its strategic objectives with its key processes in homosexual resource management (Le Deist and Winterton, 2005). The aim of this paper is to analyse a Brazilian investigate centre by reinforcing the main challenges of implementing competence-based management in this centre which deals with innovation.Its mission is to develop solutions for sustainable breeding of Brazilian agri growth line organizationes by creating, adapting and transferring effledge and technology to bene? t society (Ubeda, 2003, p. 50). This look is applicable because: . it suck ups the exertion and transfer of technology as a distinct factor in lines of innovation which allows companies to achieve a leading position in international markets (Fleury and Fleury, 2004); and . the outgrowth of competences which is selectly colligate to market demands is analysed (Mans? ld, 2004; Schroeder et al. , 2002; Hagan, 1996; Drejer, 2000a; Drejer and Riis, 1999). As a consequence, this abridgment is based on a theoretical proposal concerning the instruction of person competences which reinforces transaction estimation as a musical instrument to identify and monitor staff’s competences, as advantageously up as taking into account a company’s core competence and remote demands. The paper is based on trio germane(predicate) topics: (1) Working free-enterprise(a)ly wants placing high value on people, considering their fathers, ideas and p filename extensions.Their meshing in presidencys is necessary because employees and managers have to plow a company’s objectives together. (2) Encouraging employeesâ⠂¬â„¢ participation means creating opport building block of measurementies to offer people a corporal perspective concerning the signi? rousece of their professional practice and a manner of macrocosm part of the future. (3) It is fundamental to consider not alone the staff’s speci? c quali? cations ask for the positions in the government activityal structure, but likewise their companionship, experiences, skills and results for future innovations. person competences which argon identi? d by exercise judgment in all the hierarchical levels of an organisation are central aspects concerning the success of a company’s agonistical strategy. Once the company is aware of the single(a) competences needed for severally process, it can identify modern dashs of evolution its compassionate resources by changing the focus of its tender-hearted resource systems. An meldd sham for compassionate resource management with a business-oriented strategy uses in dividual competences as a reference for the systems in hgenus Uman resource management, such as selection, readying and breeding, compensation and career management.Taking this into account, Dutra (2001, p. 27) says that: . . . organisations and people, side by side, score a continuous process of competence exchange. A company transfers its assets to the people, enriching and preparing them to face new professional and in-person military strengths, inside or outside of the organisation. Its staff, in turn, part evolution their individual abilities, transfer their teaching to the organisation, providing it conditions to jazz with new challenges. Competence-based management Competence-based management has a direct effect on the future exploit of its human resources (employees, managers and directors).It also considers attitudes, values, personal characteristics and relationships in teams which are necessary for innovation and not only when the knowledge and skills postula te for completing their jobs (Conde, 2001). Therefore, competence-based management is a strategic practice which aims at increasing the global effect of a slew by increasing the individual writ of execution of its employees (Hagan, 1996). It is necessary to identify factors which produce differences between individuals jibe to the results of their jobs and experiences (Moore et al. , 2002; Drejer, 2000b).For this reason, e genuinely company which strives for competitiveness in its market recognises that competence-based management and exertion estimate are strategic functions, as this has brought to the highest degree innovation by recycling companies’ processes and individuals’ activities (Bitencourt, 2004; Drejer and Riis, 1999; Houtzagers, 1999; Baker et al. , 1997). Competence-based management creates opportwholeies for effective strategic human resource management. However, without proceeding ideas, some(a)(prenominal) for individuals and teams, a compan y can neither monitor its own development nor the progress of its staff’s cognitive operation.As a consequence, it cannot develop or manage its individual competences (Ritter et al. , 2002; Robotham and Jubb, 1996). Therefore, the main objectives of competence-based management are: . to guide managerial conclusivenesss related to providing employees with the resources necessary for them to carry out their exercise satisfactorily, as well as to catch their training necessarily; . to plan staff’s activities and identify the work conditions that in? uence their performance; . to guide the company’s human resource policies and guidelines; and . to reward, promote and even punish, warn or ? e employees. study of individual competences When considering amicable interaction between people and objectives, competitive strategy makes use of a formal structure to exchange data and human resource management that provides guidelines for selection, job propose and e valuation, performance idea and rewards (Devanna et al. , 1984). A competitive strategy formulation must be based on the strongest competences of a company. Constant progress of competences creates opportunities for systematic Staff development and judgment 111 EJIM 10,1 112 re? ement and reformulation of competitive strategy and, by doing so, new tracks can be identi? ed to develop competences (Fleury and Fleury, 2004). Developing individual competences is cyclical. jibe to environmental demands, companies de? ne their competitive strategy and core competences in ordinance to get their energy into their speci? c characteristics and, then, to adopt human resource systems that support the identi? cation and management of their individual competences. In this paper, development of individual competences is considered as a way of render information to different systems and processes.First of all, the company must: . establish what the strategy and organisational competences a re; . de? ne the speci? cations of point of intersections and processes; . study the perspectives of necessary individual competences for severally speci? c process; and . plan and carry out performance estimate ( pulp 1). When competence-based management is combine into a company’s strategy, one can keep abreast the relationship between identifying personal competences and main human resource systems: selection, training and development, compensation and career management.Companies which integrate competence-based management into strategic proviso be manage able to make use of some tools, such as a balance circuit board in order to measure the organisational performance in quatern equilibrate perspectives: ? nance, customers, informal processes and staff’s acquirement and growth. Kaplan and no.ton (1997) highlight the enormousness of creating a strategic feedback system to test, authorise and modify the hypotheses which are coordinated into strategic bu siness units. When cause and effect relations are incorporated into the balanced scorecard, they allow executives to establish short term goals which re? ct their best expectations in de? ciencies and impacts and consequently affect performance measurements. From the feedback obtained by performance judgement, supervisors and employees can identify what the necessary skills and knowledge are for activities to be developed, and what type of training is necessary to improve have management. Competence and human performance somebody competence associates explicit knowledge, personal skills and experiences with individuals’ results and judgement of organisational values which are obtained in ? their social context (Hipolito, 2001, p. 1; Fleury and Fleury, 2000; Zari? an, 2001; Sveiby, 1998). It considers the employment and handing in of results which are linked to employees’ mobilisation, that is to say, it incorporates the value added by them to business, as shown in externalise 2. Ubeda (2003) emphasises that competence involves the individuals operative closely in a team by doing practical activities, as well as their workaday routine which results in a constant â€Å"know how to learn”. The individuals must be apt to take the initiative and assume responsibilities to cope with professional situations which they come across.This right is undoubtedly the counterpart of decentralising decision making. Individuals forget not give orders any more(prenominal), but they allow individually assume the Staff development and appraisal INNOVATION 113 schema F F boot Objectives E E E CORE COMPETENCES D B D SPECIFICATIONS OF PRODUCT AND PROCESSES A C E B A person COMPETENCES K C K PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL propose 1. The competence development process base: Ubeda (2003, p. 50) responsibility for evaluating a situation, the required initiative and the effects that will inevitably arise from this situation.Therefore, a person or a team (when ac cepting responsibilities) accepts to be judged and be re notiond for the achieved results in terms of performance for which they are responsible. They draw in themselves to producing and handing in results of their activities. Thus, it is not possible to consider competence without presenting the logic behind human performance, as performance appraisal guides the development of individual competences accord to business needs (Moore et al. , 2002; Lawler, 1995). The use of competences means rethinking the procedures of staff’s appraisal because: . . from each one individual becomes aware of which result must be reached and how it can be achieved. The competences form the basis of the language utilise to de? ne the pass judgment deportment which modifys performance and improvement to be carried out (Conde, 2001, p. 80). EJIM 10,1 114 INDIVIDUAL COMPETENCE SKILL Know how to do something PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY Results ATTITUDE Intend to do something POTENTIAL Knowledge F igure 2. The individual competence fancy Source: Hipolito (2001, p. 81) According to Dutra (2001, p. 33), one of the close dif? ult issues concerning people management is to de? ne and assess performance in terms of the results to be pass in by a determined person, company or business. feat appraisal makes it possible to identify three individual aspects that interact between themselves: development, driving force and behaviour (Figure 3): Each aspect must be dealt with in a different way, concerning not only the way to mensurate, but also the actions which follow the appraisal. In general, companies mix these three aspects and emphasise effort and behaviour.At the genuine moment, staff’s professional growth is the close to important aspect of performance and it is worthy of fussy attention (Dutra, 2001, p. 35). Dejours (1997, p. 54) highlights performance appraisal as evaluating a job that can take place in two ways: evaluating helpfulness and social relationships. Evaluating the technical, social or economic usefulness of the individual is linked to the workplace and the person who does it is generally in a hierarchical position (boss, manager or organiser) to appraise the usefulness.Evaluating social relationships is related to the alignment of the job and production with standards which have been socially established by peers in the same hierarchical level which enables the individual to last to a collective group. This evaluation is related to the job and its activities. What is appraised and evaluated is the job and not the individual. From the perspective of the human factor theory proposed by Dejours (1997, p. 55), this is an essential point because an individual’s contribution to the job effectiveness makes knowledge and compensation possible.PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL BEHAVIOUR DEVELOPMENT attempt Figure 3. The three aspects of performance appraisal Source: Dutra (2001, p. 35) Recent studies point out models of performance apprai sal based on behaviour and attitudes, but not only the ones focussed on the analysis of operable features of each job (Moore et al. , 2002). They reinforce the increasing in? uence of technology, functional requisites and organisational learning in terms of developing competences (Drejer and Riis, 1999). According to Zari? an (2001, p. 121), nobody can compel individuals to be competent.A company can only create favorable conditions for their development. Thus, motivation becomes a key element in terms of developing competences. It is necessary for the employees to feel useful and be able to assume responsibilities. The individuals will be more motivated as they consider that the practice of their competences also contributes to the development of their projects and perspectives. Performance appraisal as an instrument to identify employees’ competences Competence-based management is supported by organisational competences that directly in? ence an individual’s compe tences, which are necessary for carrying out tasks and processes and, then are considered in performance appraisals. Consequently, the feedback concerning the data from these appraisals enables the whole organisation to reprocess strategies and competences. Many authors highlight the dif? culty of measuring the impact of developing competences regarding a company’s performance (Mans? eld, 2004; Moore et al. , 2002; Ritter et al. , 2002; Drejer, 2000a; Sandberg, 2000; Hagan, 1996). This situation is worsened if the individual metrics of each work process are thought to be measured.Becker et al. (2001) emphasise that performance appraisal systems are incoherent in terms of what is measured and what is important. When implementing a company’s strategy, human resource managers have to be able to understand exactly how people contribute to a company’s results by being precious and how to measure this contribution. This situation only takes place if these managers genuinely participate in the development of a company’s strategy. These authors state that satisfactory performance appraisal produces two types of results: 1) it improves the decision-making processes of the sector responsible for human resource management by focusing its activities on the aspects of the organisation that contribute to the development of a company’s strategy; and (2) it provides a better allocation of resources, de? ning direct relations between human resource investments and strategic assets of a company. Developing competences in a look into centre Aiming at evaluating competence-based management in practice, a case study in a research centre located in Brazil was carried out.This organisation is a unit of a Federal frequent research flock which consists of 37 research centres, three national service centres and 11 central unit of? ces and is present in almost all the States of the Brazilian Federation. This corporation has invested in training a nd quali? cations of its staff since it was founded. In 2003, there were a total number of 8,619 employees. kayoed of 2,221 researchers who work in this corporation, 45 per cent have a master’s degree and 53 per cent a PhD. Staff development and appraisal 115 EJIM 10,1 16 The canvass research centre is responsible for developing new technology which can facilitate the life of producers and rural workers in the country. The organisation was chosen because it has implemented a performance appraisal system which aligns the development of its products and processes with human resource management. methodological analysis An experiential study was undertaken from February to noember, 2003 using the following data collection instruments: interviews with opportunities for participants’ comments and analysis of documents.Seven professionals from this research centre were interviewed: quaternity employees of the human resource area, the associate head of the research centr e and two researchers. The participative observation of the researchers, the interviewees’ comments and the documental analysis provided a personal and close contact with the organisation identifying institutional materials, norms, routines and programs developed by the professionals. The key questions of this case study focus on: . the main organisational changes which have taken place over the last decades; . he aspects of the organisational structure that have either contributed to or hindered competence-based management; . the development of necessary researchers’ competences related to main projects and processes; and . the way of appraising the development of researchers’ competences. The case study The analyze research corporation experienced some organisational changes over time that had clearly de? ned its business-oriented strategy. There is a tangible concern about integrating this strategy with human resource management, however, the performance app raisal system shows an unrhythmical historical background.The investigated corporation was founded in the 1970s, a intent of outstanding economic growth in Brazil. Moreover, the Brazilian government supported the training of experts in research in public organs and in the agri heathen sector (Ubeda, 2003). At that time, the corporation did not experience either ? nancial or human resource problems because the objective of the Federal government was to form a forefront institution in its ? eld. The research guidelines of research were de? ned by the corporation’s headquarters and then followed by the research centres.The corporation’s concern about integrating strategies with human resource management change magnitude from the 1990s onwards, as well as plans to implement a structured performance appraisal system (Table I). The research centres were regionally located according to product lines and were set up to solve local problems. These units followed and carried out nationwide policies, as well as guidelines de? ned by the corporation’s headquarters. At this moment, there was no concern about performance appraisal.From 1988 onwards, due to the sure Federal Constitution being approved, public institutions became more concerned about the strategic management of the appraisal of processes and results, not only of the organisation but also of the individuals. Period Institution’s organisational scenario 1970s outgrowth and consolidation of the canvas corporation Employment and development of human resources Availability of ? nancial resources for project development modernization of management Application of strategic supplying decoct on resultsAnalysis of global scenarios Rede? nition of the research centre’s mission and vision Formulation of a global policy for the organisation consisting of research policy, businesses’ policy, and business intercourse policy Focus on the customers Organisational re-structur ing of processes and projects 1988-1992 1994-1998 1999-2003 Source: Ubeda (2003, p. 69) Aiming to follow these changes of organisational and technological paradigms, the studied organisation started to adopt strategic readiness principles in its institutional culture and move up its ? st corporate plan for 1988-1992. In 1991, the corporation initiated a process of organisational change, using strategic planning techniques, focusing on their operations and processes in the market, head research projects towards solving social problems, and not only exclusively towards the progress of pure science, attempting to ? nd an add-on in ef? ciency and effectiveness to continue being competitive and to guarantee its sustainability (Nader et al. , 1998).From 1994 onwards, a new system to appraise individual job performance was created and integrated with both strategic planning and the institutional management system of the whole corporation, as well as with the practicable plan of each r esearch centre. To remain competitive and to guarantee sustainability, the corporation adopted a process of organisational change based on a management model drawn on results and customers’ requirements, as well as having been supported by the balanced scorecard methodology (Kaplan and nary(prenominal)ton, 1997).From 1997 to 1999, the institution started implementing a new strategic management model in order to provide guidelines which really showed what was de? ned by the corporation. Therefore, the entire organisation’s staff would work in favour of the de? ned goals (Sentanin, 2003). at bottom its job structure, the institution manages its human resources by linking the acquirement of the proposed goals of its annual operational plan to negotiating the proposed activities for each employee in the performance appraisal system.The performance appraisal system, also being an instrument to recognise achieved results, is also used to identify human competences, which are important for research, and is a basis for selection, training and compensation practices in research centres. Concerned about meeting the needs of its customers, the corporation de? nes its strategic objectives and conveys them to its research centres that incorporate them into the annual operational plan. These units establish important processes to ful? the proposed goals in the performance appraisal systems of researchers, and consequently, researchers develop new practices and technology (Figure 4). Staff development and appraisal 117 Table I. Organisational scenario of the studied corporation EJIM 10,1 118 bodily Strategic Plan Plan of Each unit Annual Operational Plan Figure 4. Performance strategic management process in the organisation studied Performance Measurement Strategic indicate F E E D B A C K Strategic Management Model Based on Processes Performance estimation Source: Ubeda (2003, p. 82)In each research centre, there is an internal technical citizens comm ittee which co-ordinates research regarding themes and developed projects. This committee analyses pre-proposals and proposals of projects and processes of its unit with technical, operational and ? nancial criteria. Thus, each new project undergoes evaluation and approval of the committee. Once a project is approved, it can be developed, and after it is concluded, it is evaluated once once more to re? ect on the results, assuring both the commitment of its staff and the quality of its technical projects and processes.The units’ type of structure is ad hocratic, according to Mintzberg’s (1983) terminology, because it consists of teams which develop the approved projects, as well as them being concerned with innovation and always centred on the development of new products and processes. The head of research of each unit co-ordinates and appraises the performance of the projects which are carried out. The structure of this centre is the re? ection of its strategies, sinc e it attempts to create an integration of specialties using its project teams with the aim of competitiveness and customer satisfaction.As for the job structure, there are two functional careers: research and support for research. data analysis, results and implication of this research Research on competence-based management was focused on performance appraisal because it is an important instrument to identify human competences based on the innovation strategy of the studied centre. In this performance appraisal system there is explicit planning of the following activities: . what the results of the jobs are expected to be; . ow the product should be presented and what the standard of performance is expected to be; . . when the deadline for the product to be presented is; and feedback of the results of the jobs. However, since 1994 when it was implemented, the performance appraisal system has undergone modi? cations to improve its methodology, attempting to make its participants aw are of the need for weekly dialogue and supervise the activities, as well as for the impartial and speci? c appraisal of the activities planned in relation to the availability of means to carry out these activities.The planning of employees’ activities must be made according to the goals of its unit, area or sector, and to the projects under the responsibility of the studied research centre (Ubeda, 2003, p. 82). Performance appraisal must consider the employee’s individual competences and the results of the job which were de? ned in strategic planning. Competence-based management aims at guiding managerial decisions, the processes of professional development, as well as planning the human resource systems.An analysis of the development of competences in the Brazilian research centre was carried out by comparing the main theoretical issues of the literature with practices of the organisation which was studied (Figure 5). Firstly, the strategic objectives (item 1 of F igure 5) of the studied organisation were formulated according to the corporation and unit’s missions and the corporation’s objectives. A entailment of the theoretical issues concerning organisational competences (item 2 of Figure 5) is presented as follows: . eveloping organisational competences is based on the internal abilities of companies (Wernerfelt, 1984); . these competences consist of skills, abilities and technology which enable a company to meet the speci? c needs of its customers, that is to say, to achieve a competitive advantage spiffing to competitors (Hamel and Prahalad, 1994); Staff development and appraisal 119 FORMULATION OF STRATEGY (1) Objectives are defined according to the corporation and unit’s missions and the corporation’s objectives PRACTICES OF THE STUDIED placement OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETENCES (3) ISSUES OF LITERATURE ONORGANIZATIONAL COMPETENCES (2) ISSUES OF LITERATURE ON INDIVIDUAL COMPETENCES (4) ISSUES OF LITERATURE O N PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL (6) F E E D B A C K PRACTICES OF INDIVIDUAL COMPETENCES OF THE STUDIED agreement (5) ITEMS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN THE STUDIED organization (7) Core of this analysis: researchers Focus of the performance appraisal: researchers’university degree qualifications Figure 5. Analysis of the development of competences in the research centre EJIM 10,1 . . 120 they require an instinct of competitive advantage mechanisms which may be used over time.When competitive strategies are being developed, companies have to make the best use of their speci? c features (Grant, 1991); and a competence can be de? ned by considering four elements and their relationships: technology, people, organisational structure and organisational context (Drejer and Riis, 1999). The main features of organisational competences practised in the researched company (item 3 of Figure 5) were: . focus on the internal ability of research in agribusiness and breeding; . support for competi tive agribusinesses development in the global economy; . ncouraging the development of agribusinesses with the sustainability of economical activities and environmental balance; . diminishing environmental imbalanced aspects of agribusinesses; and . supplying raw materials and food which encourage the population’s health, improving the nutritional level and quality of life. Individual competence issues in the literature (item 4 of Figure 5) may be summarised as follows: . individual competence links explicit knowledge, skills and experiences of individuals to the results and judgements of value built indoors their social ? etwork (Hipolito, 2001; Fleury and Fleury, 2000; Zari? an, 2001; Sveiby, 1998); . individual competence can be explained altogether by the skills (to know how to do something), attitudes (to intend to do something), knowledge (to understand why to do something and search for solutions) and results (to produce and come ? up with the solution) (Hipolito, 200 1); and . in order to develop involved competences, complex systems involve not only many people in different areas of the organisation, but also interlocking technology.It is very dif? cult to understand and imitate them because they are very dependent on people and technology (Drejer and Riis, 1999). To develop individual competences in the research centre (item 5 of Figure 5), the following initiatives were carried out: . stimulant and honor creativity; . seeking effectiveness, developing actions with a focus on the achievement of results and solutions with compatible and competitive cost; . planning the company for the future by strategically positioning its resources and abilities; . eing committed to honesty and ethical posture by placing high value on human beings and dealing with all groups of society with respect; . attempting to meet the particularities of customers’ demands by following the principles of total quality; . stimulating leadership when creating, adapt ing and transferring knowledge, products, services and technology; . . . . encouraging partnerships with opposite organisations and individuals; developing partnerships in terms of science and technology in agribusinesses; striving for scienti? c rigour, using scienti? methods in research, caring about the exactness and precision of procedures in all the phases of the process, and not tolerating bias in results; and backup teams which deal with problems in a systemic way in order to make believe the ? nal objectives of their jobs. With regards to the issues presented in the literature on performance appraisal (item 6 of Figure 5): . the three main aspects of performance appraisal are people’s development, effort and behaviour (Dutra, 2001); . models for performance appraisal are based on behaviour and attitudes, and not only on the speci? functional analysis of each job (Moore et al. , 2002); and . technology, functional requisites and organisational learning in? uence the development of competences (Drejer and Riis, 1999). However, the main items of performance appraisal in the studied organisation (item 7 of Figure 5) are limited to: . researchers’ ability of monitoring the projects being carried out; . researchers’ scienti? c publications, such as articles, proceedings of congresses and scienti? c journals, books and chapters of books; . production and transfer of technology; and . publicising the research centre’s image.Although there is integration between performance appraisal and strategic plans de? ned by the research centre, competence-based management is still centred on the individuals, and it is also based on their tasks and not on the individuals linked to their social context, as previously pointed out by Moore et al. (2002), Zari? an (2001), Drejer and Riis (1999) and Dejours (1997). The previous fact is also a result of the dif? culty in measuring innovation and the degree of the development of a research project. Until the moment the research project does not achieve the proposed objective, it is dif? ult to quantify how much this research has progressed over time. All the risks are assumed and the decisions are concentrate by researchers who coordinate the project teams. These facts took place because of the studied organisation which did not manage to deal with complex competences in a decentralised way. Although this research centre is a reference in Brazil, the competence notion of this institution recognises only the scope of skills (to know how to do it) and knowledge (information and experiences), not considering the scope of the attitudes (to intend to do it).The organisation only recognises competences based on a university degree quali? cation, and does not include the initiative and the responsibilities necessary to cope with complex situations. It does not centre the development of individual competences either on speci? c projects or on integration and team work. Staff develo pment and appraisal 121 EJIM 10,1 122 Project management and performance appraisal are centred on the main researchers’ skills and knowledge, minimising the importance of the competences of the former(a) members of the research project team.However, it is important to mention that the three-figure criteria of performance appraisal do not only re? ect the concern about customers’ satisfaction, but also guide the distribution of resources and the human resource policies of the studied institution. Performance appraisal does not consider either the team aspect or the concept of feedback structured by 360 degrees appraisal in which all the staff appraise and are appraised by their superiors, subordinates and colleagues (Borman, 1997). Employees are appraised by their superiors in the studied centre.The results of the performance appraisal system contribute to strategic planning, however, the organisation and superiors are not appraised by the employees. In addition, an in vestigation into the organisational gentle wind was not made. There is not a channel for the feedback of performance appraisals which could result in both the development of researchers’ competences and the innovation process of this centre. The processes in which technology is transferred and research is carried out are not de? ned according to the guidelines and parameters of this research centre, but they are de? ed by the corporation. Regarding cultural aspects, there is a great resistance and agnosticism of the performance appraisal systems and the development of competences, despite the employees being already familiar with the appraisal systems of the research projects. Considering this incredulity, the appraisers do not take the role of planning and monitoring individual jobs. â€Å"There is always something more important and more urgent to do than ‘to sit put through with somebody to plan actions related to the individuals’ job and his/her respectiv e(prenominal) performance” (Nader et al. 1998, p. 17). In Table II some theoretical references are compared with the investigated institution’s practice. This is an approach combining the presence of the aspects of: competence (skills, attitudes, knowledge, production and handing in), Competence-based management elements in the studied organisation Table II. Elements of competence-based management in the organisation studied Performance appraisal integrated with strategic planning Performance appraisal integrated with human resource systems Development of skillsDevelopment of knowledge Development of attitudes Consideration of the social context of project teams Development of competences according to production and delivery Performance appraisal based on results Use of balanced scorecard to establish and rede? ne goals Participation of all members of a research project team in the performance appraisal through 360 degrees performance appraisal Concern about employees a nd researchers’ professional growth considering all the elements of competenceFeedback of appraisals in terms of attitudes, opportunities of professional growth and social context to develop new strategies Source: vary from Ubeda (2003, p. 95) Present Absent X X X X X X X X X X X X the performance appraisal model, and the strategic integration of processes with human resource management. Conclusions When dealing with current competitive markets and needs for technological innovation, as well as stiff competition for new market niches, competence-based management is really a strategic practice adopted by companies to attain competitive advantage in order to answer the customers quickly and ef? iently. As a consequence, the alignment of human resource management practices and business strategies is of fundamental importance to company’s competitiveness, and it emphasises people as a distinct resource for success. Thus, competence and human performance help the developm ent of projects and internal processes. Competence-based management is carried out based on identifying individual competences, using performance appraisal of results from an individual’s job.It is based not only on the competitive strategy and the organisational structure, but also on processes and projects of a company. It is also a reference for managers’ decisions concerning the selection, training and compensation policies of a company’s staff. To implement a consistent performance appraisal system which is capable of appraising the competences of each employee, it is necessary to check which knowledge, skills and attitudes should be developed in order to improve the internal processes of the organisation, without remaining focused only on jobs and tasks.In this case, the research centre is basically just concerned with its operational plans whose main reference is striving for productivity. However, it was observed in practice that the development of indiv idual competences does not link the performance appraisal system to the collective and social approach of competence-based management, and it also does not include the scope of attitudes in order to integrate strategic planning, its monitoring, performance appraisal, the feedback of results of a research project and the improvement of processes.It is exactly this feedback, if well managed, that makes a difference, not only when identifying individual competences necessary for each activity, but also in the possibility of share professional growth concurrently with innovation and competitive strategy of companies. Feedback linked to the organisation’s strategy could increase the integration between all its organisational units and levels possible. rude(a) research to obtain greater understanding of the relationship between competence-based management and performance appraisal is necessary because the existing literature does not speci? ally take apart the development of ind ividual competences. The main contribution of this paper is to present not only the dif? culty of managing human competences, but also a vision of the process of developing competences in a research centre by analysing its particularities and limitations. References Baker, J. C. , Mapes, J. , New, C. C. and Szwejczewski, N. (1997), â€Å"A hierarchical model of business competence”, Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Vol. 8 no. 5, pp. 265-72. ? ? Becker, B. E. , Huselid, M. A. and Ulrich, D. (2001), Gestao estrategica de pessoas com scorecard: ? nterligando pessoas, estrategia e performance, Campus, Rio de janeiro. ? ? 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Corresponding author Cristina Lourenco Ubeda can be contacted at: [email protected] com. br ? To purchase reprints of this article beguile e-mail: [email protected] com Or visit our entanglement site for further details: www. emeraldinsight. com/reprints Staff developm ent and appraisal 125\r\n'